Impact of Congestion Growth in Muscat

Impact of Congestion Growth in muscadelCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEWStatement of the problem around of the countries humpd noteworthy augments in motorcar leavepower oer the old two decades, end head uping in rapid incr respites in entire run low on the passs, and declining absolute market sh atomic number 18s for domain ho purposealise. Bons entirely (2000) n wizards that, in the UK, car knowledgeership ruddiness from 30% of ho mathematical functionholds in 1960 to 70% in 1995. In the US, by 2000, car ownership had exceeded an mediocre of wholeness(a) car per licensed number unmatchable wood in galore(postnominal) urban atomic number 18as. Similar patterns ar evident in m invariablyy other countries around the world. With this burgeoning of car ownership has come the obvious consequence-escalating gamey upway over-crowding. As a issuance, policy makers hold up become change magnitudely think on the idea of cut over-crowding (Stradlin g, 2000). The mechanisms for reducing over-crowding argon some(prenominal). Included among these atomic number 18 increase ride sharing (a chief(prenominal)stay of expectation system Demand Management policies in the US, for example), increasing the implement of e very(prenominal)day contain, providing extravagantly occupancy vehicle lanes on various bridle-paths, etc. Initially, Singapore, and then several(prenominal) cities in Norway experimented with introducing congestion charges for primeval cities. Most recently, London has introduced congestion charging for the central bea, in an effort to narrow central Londons congestion levels. Following on the heels of that, umpteen other cities around the world ar straight sternly considering akin(predicate) congestion.thitherfore, muscat as the capital of Sultanate of Oman, the increasing of car ownership is wholeness of the higher reapings per household. In 1999 the passenger cars estimated 174 per super C people by comparing Muscat with affluent Asian cities car ownership 123 per 1000 people (Nicholas Low and Brendan Gleeson,2003).42 percent to a greater extent than Asian wealthy cities, in the same age the population of Muscat is much pooh-pooh than any of Asian cities. at that placefore, Muscat is one of the cities, which suffering from congestion in this world. veritable vocation situationPast trendsMany factors charm the travel behaviour and cause disturbances done unexpected external effects, much(prenominal) as oil prices, stinting recession etc. (Known as explanatory variables). then if one understands these factors, one feces forecast prospective behaviour on the alkali of projections of these variables. However, it is conventional to base travel forecasts on past trends exposit by magazine series information over a boundary of years. In Muscat, the principal weakness is a lack of reliable avocation flow data to identify trends in past harvest-tide.It is reasonab le to expunge on that pointfore, that increases in population and economic activity will result in increase road duty and land use increase. Land use development relates to the motive to house population increases and to untried employment opportunities created by economic growth.Analysis of available data from 1980 to the present showed thatThe population of Oman has increased at an average rate of near 10 per cent per annum.The home(a) economy has bountiful at pass judgment varying between -3 and + 17 per cent per annum.The national vehicle stock has increased at an average rate of 12 per cent per annum (the national car stock has grown so far up faster, at an average rate of 15 per cent per annum).Current conditions and characteristicsLocal conditions need to be thoroughly examined before any remedial measures can be taken. The hire has observed and identified many another(prenominal) problems and characteristics invadeing the traffic and road vane conditions. It h as been estimated that the make out AM acme. hour flow over the whole of the net recreate is about 35000 vehicles, out of which 8000 vehicles on Sultan Qaboos thoroughf be alone (two way flow) which constitute 23% of the resume network flow. canvas this with the car ownership (estimated to be 11 0 per 1000 population) implies that in that respect is squ be travel. demand on the network.The Stage I identified the pursuance characteristics and problems, all of which will be exacerbated by future traffic growthThe road network in Muscat recent but depends, to a great ex turn tail, on the satisfactory operation of a single main road Sultan Qaboos Street.The demonstrably high (but unqualified) traffic growth rates of recent years bastardly that this spine route is reaching its operable limits at times of peak demand. Peak period delays are pass byring at important junctions (Such as Al Khuwair, Al Ghubra Roundabout etc..) and on the highway. There are no alternative routes at present, until express way open, which be expecting in the end of 2010.Traffic signal equipment in the important mercantile centre of Ruwi is not exploiting the full potential of the existing road system. alone parking is free of charge and demand in the CBD is reaching levels that are creating supply problems. The operation of the road system is adversely affected by on-street (verge) parking in a number of locations.Public capture services (buses) are provided by the Oman National Transport Company. It is understood that the schedule ONTC services are subsidised by profitable charter services. The general financial process of ONTC, which is a state owned company, is just profitable. This performance is forcing modernisation of the bus fleet not to take place hence, reducing its appeal to potential customers. The average age of the bus fleet is increasing so reducing the attraction of usual fare.Bus services are supplemented by minibus and taxi services. Public entrance i s rarely utilise in preference to a private car. This applies single-valued functionicularly to scheduled bus services. The future role, ownership and organisation of ONTC were supposed to be the subject of a take apart canvass.Coordination between the development of land use and deportation policies at a local level is limited and could be improved.Operational road resort and traffic control are the responsibility of ROP. Traffic control is to an bankable standard although the manual control of some important signalised junctions in Ruwi should be reviewed. As in all countries, in that respect is scope for improved standards of road safety through established driver education programmes.The economic speak to to the community of road accidents is not systematically quantified in Oman. In countries where much(prenominal) constitutes are quantified, they are found to be large and are used to justify traffic and safety management investment programmes very much concerned w ith junction usefulnesss to reduce accident venture.Purpose of the studyIn scientific question the purpose statement indicates why you want to do the study and what you intend to accomplish (Locke, Spirduso, and Silverman, 2000). According to thisThe purpose of this sequential, entangled methods study is to first explore the impact of congestion growth in Muscat urban center as well as determining the percentage growth over the last ten year. Then establish on the experiences and needs defined, the second phase will be to develop a solving that suits and match the requirement of transport provision needs based on the previous information as well as information roll up in this phase namely observation of two modern and passkey ways of improving traffic demand managementPotential importeeThis interrogation study are important to different sectors. Because, the congestion is not further effecting the road users, but also society, economic, environment, and human. However, its important to consider externalities from congestion by implementing traffic demand management and improve usual transport as one of the holistic etymon in Muscat city.Statements and precept for liquefying methodsThis enquiry is intended to follow a fuse methods research design. According to this, the aim of this section is to define and give a precept for using this particularised research design for this specific study.Mixed methods research design is defined as the collection or analysis of both quantitative and soft data in a single study in which the data are collected concurrently or sequentially, are given a priority, and involve integrating of the data at one or more than stages in the process of the research (Creswell, 2003).Historically tangled research method is relatively not a forward-looking idea. It belike originated in 1959, when Campbell and Fiske used multiple methods to study validity of psychological traits. Their encouragement to others to use their multimethod matrix prompted others to examine using mixed methods in their inquiry (Creswell, 2003). Recognizing that all research methods earn limitations, researchers felt that biases inherent in any single method could neutralizes or cancel the biases of other methods another avail of using mixed research methods design is that it allows researchers to simultaneously generalize results from a sample to a population and to gain deeper understanding of the phenomenon of interest (Hanson, Creswell, Creswell, Plano Clark, Petska 2005).In this respect, this study will mix different research methods, for the purpose of cosmos able to generalize research results that will be obtained, from a illustration sample, but at the same time give insights and understanding of go aways tackled through quantitative techniques. This will ultimately be secured through the use and integrating of data in the various research stages namely data collection, data analysis and discussion an d reporting of findings.One rationale is that, in govern to generalize weather road congestion in Muscat city have implications to the road users and prevalent transport, a quantitative tool need to be used and applied. At the same time, the in depth of such suffering needs to be qualitatively addressed. As well as describing the processes of managing congestion by local authority. Another rationale for using mixed methods research is to convey the needs of supportive bus services and thus this research is intending to explore their issues, which are link to road congestionAlthough there are many challenges in using mixed methods research design, such as the researcher should be familiar with both quantitative and qualitative research methods, also the need for extensive data collection (Creswell, 2003). however the growth and the developments of using this method proved the successful and the advantages of using this specific design, as stated earlier. In conclusion, for the pu rpose of this study a mixed methods research design will be used in commit to achieve its stated purpose.Research questionsThis research will attempt to exercise the followers questionsWhat are the challenges faced by road authority in Muscat?What contend strategies for congestion growth?Is there any improvement in earthly concern transport in regard to coping congestion?What type of traffic demand management and technique used in Muscat?Is there a clear vision of improving semi universe transport?Literature reviewsustainable transport systemsA sustainable transport system is one in which fuel consumption, vehicle emissions, safety, congestion and local and economics access are of such levels that they can be sustained into the indefinite future without causing great or irreparable harm to future generation of people around the world Richardson(1999). To achieve sustainable transport system, it should balance socio-economic and environmental consideration in actualization of the followingEconomic A sustainable transport system is one that is affordable, operates fairly and efficiently, offers a plectrum of transport mode, supports a competitive economy, as well as balanced regional developmentEnvironmental A sustainable transport system limits emissions and waste within the planets ability to seize them, uses renewable resources at or below the rates of generation, and uses non-renewable resources at or below the of development of renewable substitutes, date minimizing the impact on the use of land and the generation of reverberate andSocial A sustainable transport system allows the basic access and development needs of individuals, companies, and society to be met safety and in a manner consistent with human and ecosystem health, promotes equity within between successive generations. Transportation facilities and activities can have significantEnvironmental issuesSurface transport accounts for approximately 25% of all C02 emissions globally, and transport is the only sector where emissions are increasing. While there are significant advances being made in reducing C02 emissions from other sectors such as industry and construction, technology has so far failed to find a rootage for transport.Any technological advances in reducing C02 emissions have been more or less cancelled out by the increasing number of trips we are making. There is a fairly simple correlation between increasing GDP and higher trip levels.At the same time, developing countries are fast adopting the private car as their preferred mode of choice, and this is impacting on global C02 levels. This is set to increase with the introduction of the ultra low embody cars, such as the Nano car from Tata Motors in India, which has a price of about $3800.In addition to C02 issues, there are also issues related to racket and air pollution. Increasing traffic levels lead to increased visual intrusion, noise, and contaminated air. Monitoring stations are already set up in many world cities to measure the impact of traffic on noise and air. However, these issues are not solely related to the private car. There are also significant environmental issues related to freight, whether this is by road or by sea.Traffic alone is responsible for breaching air quality standards in Muscat CityThe hot climate is very important influence of travel behaviourKey sensitive environmental areas are in close proximity to Muscat City (wetlands)Globally, there have been several important decision making meetings set to resolve global warming, which have included discussions on the role of-transport. The Kyoto Protocol was agreed in celestial latitude 1997, and was in operation by February 2005. The Protocol requires industrialised countries to reduce their total emissions of greenhouse gases by about five per cent compared to 1990 levels by 2012. each(prenominal) boorish that signed the protocol agreed to their own specific target. develop countries were not requ ired to meet quantitative emission goals. The world is now functional towards a successor agreement to the Kyoto Protocol, but one that can be agreed by all countries.Economic issuesIn atomic number 63 time wasted while delayed on traffic jam roads costs close to 1 % of the European Unions GDP. This high cost explains the desire to improve European transport networks, and reduce reliance on road based vehicles. The Middle East is increasingly experiencing similar. issues to Europe in terms of traffic congestion, and this is expected to result in a similar impact on GDP. With the rapidly growing economies of the Middle East, China, India, and Russia, there is an ever increasing demand for transport, and much of this is being planned for by road.However, for these counties and regions to throw their full potential, there is a need for fast and reliable transport cogitate that are not subject to congestion or delay. These links are required between their raw material suppliers and manufacturers, and ultimately to their customers, i.e. a national, regional, and world coarse network.An efficient transport system will be vital to achieving Plan 2020 economic goalsNeed to effectively involve private and public sector provisionGovernments and developers understand the importance of transport as a catalyst for regeneration, improving productivity, and creating profit, but are reluctant to invest the high nucleotide costs, particularly when delivery of this is likely to be in the yen term. Roads are a lot seen as a lower cost solution, but this is only related to construction and maintenance. The cost to the environment and to the companionable well being of the people is rarely included.New economic solutions to investment funds in new schemes are also being devised, particularly for high cost infra grammatical construction schemes such as new rail lines. These are developed to maximise the success of implementing a new scheme. One solution gaining favour is a property transport levy, whereby affected stockes, residents, and developers pay a lump sum for new transport infrastructure on the basis that property values and rents will increase as a result of the new transport scheme. An example of this is the Crossrail scheme in London, which is partly funded by contributions from private businesses in the financial districts.Social IssuesWe have already mention that on a global scale, car use is increasing, while public transport, walking, and cycling are in decline. It is becoming common place for children to be driven to school rather than walk, cycle or use public transport. Workers are increasingly using the private car for their substitution trip, and niggling leisure and shopping trips are driven rather than walked. For example, in suburban London it has been recorded that 32% of car trips are less than one mile.There is also strong evidence of worsening global health in the form of increasing levels of obesity, childhood diabete s, and heart disease. If healthier options for traveling were introduced globally, and people were encouraged out of their cars, this could provide a strong push to health worldwide. Walking 20 minutes a day is one way to incorporate exercise into a daily routine to contain a minimum level of fitness, but if there is no infrastructure to allow this, then car use will be preferred, even for the shortest trips.Road traffic accident rates in Muscat amongst the highest in the worldPedestrian accidents (at 40% of total) are a particular concernMuscats city road network leads to major severance issuesRoad network is very pedestrian and cycle unfriendlyUnique sociable mix makes provision of public transport more challengingFor a country to maximise its economic performance, it is important that its citizens have access to jobs, services, and goods. For a amply functioning global world class economy, this access should not be restricted to only those who are able to afford access to a c ar. Access for all is promoted in many countries around the world, with the provision of public transport. infrastructure, and walking and cycling routes. Countries without this level of access tend to find they have disconnected communities, with reduced opportunities to break the cycle of poverty.The other movement issue related to transport is the severance effect of building new transport corridors, whether these are road or rail based. Given their longitudinal nature, they tend to split and divide communities, where only selected crossing points are provided for pedestrians and cyclists.Linked to the risk of overcoming transport barriers is the connection between vehicular movements and road traffic accidents. These are either vehicle vehicle accidents or vehicle pedestrian I cyclist accidents.One of the reasons for road traffic accidents is the provision of corridors which encourage speeding, through the creation of what is known as a canyon effect. This is when drivers feel apart(p) from their environment, through the incorporation of pedestrian barriers and banning of the other users. This lead driver to have little regard for other more vulnerable users. In contrast, the safest streets tend to be those which either have limited or no access to private car.Effects of congestionThe current writings is very limited especially with respect to Arab countries. Therefore, I will use literature from Europe and state as well as some of the experience of development countries.The first problem with congested traffic conditions is that these conditions are inherently unstable. That is, vehicles may flow sort of well at speeds that are only modestly reduced from free-flow speeds, but flow may also slow break down, with the formation of queues, stop-and-go conditions, and average speeds that are very low. This instability produces one of the negatives of congestion- travel time unreliability. A second negative of congestion, is that extra time is required un der these conditions, time that may be considered to be non-productive time. For those who are caught in congested conditions and who are driving outside normal working hours, it is questionable as to whether the time losses from congested conditions have an economic impact. Redmond and Mokhtarian, (2001) show that many commuters do not perceive congestion as necessarily an evil of their daily commute. Based on their study, Nasser (2002) notes that, in these modern times, many people can find complete privacy in only two places-the car or the toilet. For many, there is actually two-eyed violet and relaxation commuting alone. For many, its the only time they have to read (by audience to books on tape), enjoy music they like, catch up on the news, hatful without being chastised or make personal phone calls in total privacy (Nasser, 2002). Such attitudes do not bode well for carpooling, which is oftentimes seen as one of the alternatives to reduce congestion.New road to reduce cong estionAnthony Downs (1992), argues that building our way out of existing traffic congestion problems doesnt work because of triple convergence. When a road is widened to reduce traffic congestion, three responses occur over time to reduce the benefit of increased cogency. First, drivers who previously used alternate routes will switch to the newly expanded adroitness. Second, drivers who previously traveled on the congested facility during off-peak hours will switch to the peak period. Third, many people who car pooled or used public pass through to neutralize the hassle of stop-and-go traffic during the peak period will choose the thingumabob of driving alone on the newly uncongested link in the raptus system. The cumulative effect of the three types of individual behavioral responses to increased capacity ends up forcing equilibrium traffic flow on the expanded facility back toward its initial congested state.This scenario exactly happening in Muscat, authorities continuou sly focusing to improve road infrastructure to solve a congestion problem, but within certain of time traffic meretriciousness build up by moving road users from congested routes to the new road and encouraging people to use their own private transport. new-fangled studies show that building or widening highways induces more traffic, called induced travel. curtly after the lanes or road is opened traffic will increase to 10 to 50% of the new roadway capacity as public transit or carpool riders switch to driving, or motorists decide to take more or longer trips or switch routes. This is short-term induced travel. In the longer term (three years or more), as the new roadway capacity stimulates more sprawl and motorists move farther from work and shopping, the total induced travel rises to 50 to 100% of the roadways new capacity. This extra traffic clogs local streets at both ends of the highway travel. The following table summarizes these studies.Accessibility and mobilityAccessibil ity can be defined as the ease of reaching destinations (Levine and Garb, 2002), whereas mobility may be defined as the ease of movement. While these two concepts are clearly related, they are not the same thing. If a person lives in an area where there are many possible destinations close by, accessibility may be very high, even though mobility might be constrained, as in a CBD. On the other hand, if a person lives in a relatively unlike area, accessibility may be poor because considerable travel time and cost is required to reach any destination, although mobility may be high. In 1960, world inhabitants travelled an average of 1820 km by car, bus, railway or aircraft. Three decades later, the annual distance travelled had increased to 4390 km. In abstemious of a 75% world population growth, absolute motorised mobility go up by a factor greater than four( Schafer, 1998).As Levine and Garb (2002) point out, mobility and accessibility are measured in different ways. Mobility is m easured as a generalised cost of travel (time plus money) per kilometre accessibility is measured as the generalized cost of travel per destination. Generally, mobility is closely related to the level of service provided on the transport system. Higher levels of service trifle lower costs per kilometre of travel. Thus, increases in capacity of the system will al almost always lead to an increase in mobility, at least in the short term. Accessibility, however, is related to destinations, and therefore, requires attention both to land use patterns and to the quality of destinations. Miller, (1999).Increasing congestion is likely to produce decreases in both mobility and accessibility. Longer travel times and increased monetary costs of travel, as a result of congestion, obviously increase the travel cost per kilometre. At the same time, these increased travel times may also result in reduced accessibility, by making potential destinations more big-ticket(prenominal) to reach. Howeve r, different methods for tackling congestion will be likely to have quite different effects on each of mobility and accessibility, as is discussed subsequently in this paperIncreasing public transport usePublic transport has an important role to play within most urban areas. There still remain significant groups of the population who either cannot afford to own and operate a car, or who make a conscious choice to avoid the car. There are also specific movements within the urban area to which public transport is better suited than the car, under virtually any circumstances. This is particularly the case for work trips going to the central business districts of many cities. It is also an important means of travel for the elderly who can no longer drive or no longer desire to, and for young people who are not yet old affluent to hold a drivers license, or who cannot yet afford a car.In modern history, and perhaps in all of transport history, there has neer been success in shifting people into public transport at the rate that is called for in many contemporaneous policy statements. This alone, however, does not mean to say that such shifts into public transport are not possible. It may just be that no one has come up with the stamp down policy mix (carrots and sticks) to produce these sorts of market shifts. It is also possible that there has not existed previously the political courage to implement what must be done if such large shifts in public transport markets are to occur. It is, however, important to look at the magnitude of what is required.Demand Management tool caseDemand management is playing important factor to solve traffic growth. There is a broad range of TDM measures, includingTransportation Management Associations supplement public and private funds to increase the use of ridesharing and other commuting options that reduce traffic congestion and improve air qualityIncluding or improving pedestrian-oriented design elements, such as short ped estrian crossings, wide sidewalks and street trees.Requiring users of parking to pay the costs directly, as opposed to sharing the costs indirectly with others through increased rents and tax subsidies.Including and improving public transportation infrastructure, such as subway entrances, bus stops and routes.Subsidizing transit costs for employees or residents. cycle-friendly facilities and environments, including secure bike storage areas and showers. See Bicycle transportation engineeringProviding active transportation (AT) facilities including bike lanes and multi-use trails.Flex-time work schedules with employers to reduce congestion at peak timesCongestion pricing tolls during peak hours.Road space rationing by restricting travel based on license plate number, at certain times and places.piece of work travel plansRoad space reallocation, aiming to re-balance provision between private cars which often predominate due to high spatial allocations for roadside parking, and for sus tainable modes.Time, outdistance and Place (TDP) Road Pricing, where road users are charged based on when, where and how much they drive. Some transportation experts believe TDP pricing is an integral part of the next generation in transportation demand managementSustainable MobilityThe common strategy of sustainable mobility should contain the impact on the environment, while allowing transport to continue to fulfill its economic and tender function, particularly in the context of the single market, and thus ensure the long term development of transport in the community. It should also contribute to social and economic viscidity in the community and to the new opportunities for the peripheral regions (Banister,2000)Our sustainable strategy in Muscat focusing on economic issues only. However, we will end up by heavily a congestion road, and we cant be coping with the economic growth. Unless we prepare green transport strategy, which provide better integration of land use and tran sport, and taking serious consideration of social and environment as well as economic concern.The Intuitional IssuesUrban Policies and DevelopmentThe institutional issue refers to how the country, society and private agencies define and implement transport -related public policies. Several public policies influence socio-spatial organization, including urban development, land use, housing, transport and traffic. For my research topic three main areas are relevantUrban supplyTransport preparedness andTraffic managementThese are associated with three objectives land, circulation of structure and means, and circulation patterns. The urban planning and transport planning are considered to be most important public action. Traffic management is often considered to be supplementary importance, related more technical, simple objectives that should be dealt with engineers. While urban planning is mainly concerned with land use provision of public services, transport planning involves of d efinition of circulation infrastructure and means.Urban planningThe Higher commission for Town planning government body responsible for implementing plans of economic and social development in the Sultanate in the fields of physical and spatial, and through the preparedness of detailed plans at the regional and urban areas. Has been formally established by Royal Decree No. 27/85, dated the twenty-fourth of February 1985, was rebuilt more than once on the requirements of the public interest.The main tasks of the Commission policy-making of urban planning at all levels of in accordance with economic considerations, social and environmental development strategy of urban development so as to achieve overall development goals and sustainable development in all provinces and regions of the Sultanate approvals planning the allocation of land for various purposes in establishing controls and propose the inevitable legislation to regulate and direct the work of the establishment of the U rban Planning an integrated system for geographic information includes databases and maps for