Environmental Projects NYC Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Environmental Projects NYC - Term Paper Example The three sub basins identified cuts across in excess of 35countries. The environmental context of this basin is of great concern since its water quality has been comprised from time to time. Numerous geological surveys have been conducted all over New York to address environmental issues, and the water quality of this basin is one of the identified environmental issues in New York. This paper is meant to assess the problem of water quality in the basin basing its argument on the applicability of geosciences in understanding and addressing the problem. This problem is brought about by the environmental setting of the basin. The basin occurs in an environment setting that allows massive land use in all the areas that the basin lies on. Application of Geosciences in Understanding and Addressing the Water Quality Issue in the Hudson River Basin Sediments in the stream bottom Geological studies have been conducted in the basin for quite some time now. It has been established that the urb an streams of the basin as well as on other rivers of the basin have considerable levels of stream sediments. These sediments are mostly found on the bottom of the stream. The presence of these sediments has comprised the water quality in the basin due to the fact they raise metal concentration in the water. The metals have also led to the concentration of chemicals resulting from water-metal reactions, for example the polychlorinated biphenyls (Levinton & Waldman 39). The water quality in the basin has as a result deteriorated, evidenced by the fact that the above mentioned concentrations have exceeded the predetermined and set standards of water quality. In addressing this problem, the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) has put measures in place that are aimed at reducing concentration levels in the basin. Part of the basin that lies within urban areas is said to carry large amounts of zinc, lead and mercury. In fact, these levels of concentration exceed those set by the Ne w York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). In this regard, the two agencies have initiated programs that are designed to sensitize the locals about the need to reduce metal concentrations in the water. Although the drinking water quality is still observed, there are concerns that the basin could turn unsafe for human consumption if stern measures are not taken. On this note, de-concentration actions by environmental agencies have been established to deal with this issue. Geosciences experts and professionals have been engaged in the process in order to fully observe such progresses and correct mishaps that may be realized in the course. Stream ecology The Hudson River Basin is characterized by many social and economic activities. Some parts of the basin remains undisturbed but where encroachment has occurred, many activities are conducted. This due tot the fact that the basic’s hydrological potential; exceeds that many other basins in New York. On the sam e note, the basin is characteristic of numerous rivers and tributaries that make up its interconnectedness. This special feature of the basin has attracted many local into farming activities, alongside harboring many animal species like fish and invertebrates. Intolerant animal species have so far been absent in the river, denoting aspects of unfavorable environment. Human encroachment along the basin can be cited as a reason for this. Studies done on the water quality

Religious and Ethnic Groups Essay Example for Free

Religious and Ethnic Groups Essay The religious group is chose was Jehovah’s Witnesses. I did some online research and also asked my children’s Foster Mother, Regina Metzger the questions. I wanted to see what the differences of what I found online and what she said the beliefs were. So this is a mixture of what I got from my online sources and what she said. Jehovah’s Witnesses differ from other religious groups because they believe that their entire bible is the inspired word of god, and instead of adhering to a creed based on human tradition, they hold to their bible as the standard for all their beliefs. Based on their bible, they believe that Jesus Christ is son of god, the first of god’s creations, that he had a pre-human existence and that his life was transformed from heaven to the womb of a virgin. They believe that god’s kingdom is the only hope for mankind. They are many different nationalities. They have no prejudices against any race or color. Their worship is through prayer, meetings and telling others about their bible. They believe that their bible is the inspired word of God, and instead of adhering to a creed based on human tradition, they hold their bible as the standard. The experience of the Jehovah’s Witnesses that other religious groups do not share is that they are viewed with moral standards that coincide with their bible. They are law abiding citizens that respect authority. They show, what they believe is, genuine Christian love to their neighbors. For example, let’s say there are two girls. One of which is a Jehovah Witness and one that is not. They both were asked to spit on the American Flag. In this situation, the Jehovah’s Witness won’t and the other would. One might ask â€Å"Why don’t you spit on the flag even though you don’t solute it? † The answer from the Johana’s Witness would be simply, â€Å"I don’t pledge my allegiance to the flag, but I wouldn’t disrespect it either. † They are neutral. Jehovah’s Witnesses contribute to the American Culture because they feel they are the advocates of their God’s kingdom. They are not of the political, economic, or social system of any nation of the old world. They did have their modern day start in the United States. They do pay taxes, which means they work regular jobs just like any other person. Jehovah’s Witnesses do not interfere with what others do about sharing in patriotic ceremonies. Like, sharing in the armed forces and joining a political party or even voting. They worship their god only. They believe that if Christians under one nation go to war against another nation they would be fighting against fellow believers. They believe that fighting against the same people who prayed for help to the same god is wrong. That is why they won’t go to war and will serve time in jail or prison to avoid killing their Christian brothers and sisters. However they are not afraid to die for their faith. If they are threatened with death or to renounce their faith, they will die for what they believe in. I know that before my children went into foster care I had limited information on what Jehovah’s Witnesses were all about. I was under the impression that they only went house to house on Saturdays knocking on doors. I thought they were annoying. Feeling like everywhere I went I was approached by one saying that they are the only true word of God, when I thought my god was. I learned quickly that everyone has a different idea of what their God was. Jehovah’s witnesses have been known to not celebrate holidays like birthdays, Christmas, or thanksgiving. I would use their religion as a type of threat toward my children saying â€Å"If you don’t knock it off we will become Jehovah’s Witness and then you won’t get presents during birthdays or holidays. † Since, my children are in a home with this as the main religion and belief system, I feel like I should apologize to them because I must have sounded like a bigot. I think that the discrimination and stereotyping that Jehovah’s Witnesses experience comes from a lack of understanding by anyone of a different belief. I think that what I have learned about this religious group did help me understand it. It helped me to realize that Jehovah’s Witnesses, like any other religion, just want to show everyone that what they believe is not bad. They want to show what their religion means. They want the same as others do, the belief that you can be saved by a god. The racial/ethnic group that I chose is the Pacific Islanders. I chose this group because I don’t know nothing about it. I think getting information on this group will be extremely interesting. Pacific Islanders are from many different places. American Samoa, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hawaii, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk Island, Mariana Islands, Palau, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, and the Independent State of Western Samoa. (http://www. pica-org. org/websurf/websurf. html). In 2011 there were approximately 1,371,564 Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders who live within the United States. They significantly reside in California, Washington, Utah, Texas, New York, Texas, and Florida. They make up about . 4% of the U. S. Population (http://minorityhealth. hhs. gov/templates/browse. aspx? lvl=2lvlID=71) On May 29, 2013 President Obama spoke about AAPI (Asian-American and Pacific Islander) Heritage Month. (http://www. whitehouse. gov/administration/eop/aapi/blog) I thought that was very interesting. He talked about his Pacific Islander ethnic background. He said: â€Å"We value these voices because from the very beginning, ours has been a nation of immigrants; a nation challenged and shaped and push ever forward by diverse perspectives and fresh thinking. And in order to keep our edge and stay ahead in the global race, we need to figure out a way to fix our broken immigration system-to welcome that infusion of newness, while still maintaining the enduring strength of our laws. And the service and the leadership of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have proved that point in time and again. † Listening to him give a speech about the greatness of Pacific Islanders made me appreciate that ethnic group even more. Pacific Islanders speak over 100 different languages and come from more than 56 ethnic groups. (http://www. cdc.gov/features/aapiheritagemonth/). They are parts of many different religions. Like the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Growing up in my church there were many Pacific Islanders members of our church. I can remember many of them having big families with many children. The Pacific Islanders do many things to contribute to American Culture. They contribute by working jobs. 7. 4 million Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are employed in the United States. They make up 5. 3% of the total workforce in the United States. About 300,000 workers are Pacific Islanders. (http://www. cepr. net/index.php/publications/reports/diversity-and-change July 2011, Hye Jin Rho, John Schmitt, Nicole Woo, Lucia Lin and Kent Wong) Like many other cultures, they bring their delicious foods. They have a multitude of food from different countries. They bring that all to the table here in the United States. Although some of them have changed their diets to a more of an American way of eating, some still eat the foods of their lands. Throughout history, there has been many instances of racism and sexism toward Pacific Islanders in the United States Pacific Islanders continue to face oppression, racism, and discrimination in the United States. Since Pacific Islanders have a higher rate of diabetes they were charged higher rates for health insurance. The Affordable Care Act Will be a very good change for Pacific Islanders. They are known to suffer from higher rates of all types of circular diseases like, stroke, hypertension, and coronary heart disease. They also have the highest rates of obesity. The Affordable Care Act will change it so that it will be easier to get health care for them. Some states have had an English-only type of initiative. They seem to be for people who only speak English. I had no idea they were even allowed by law. It seems as though that people find ways to discriminate even with the laws that have been put in place. Just because some people cannot speak any other language, besides English. For them everything needs to be in English and no other language. About a century before, European-Americans did not allow people who didn’t speak English to learn English because they were afraid that they would become a minority. They were afraid of being â€Å"out-smarted† by others. They didn’t want to have to compete for fear of losing. I don’t believe this is fair. That is why I am glad there are some many laws coming into effect as well as more to come to make this country an even better place. (http://aspe. hhs. gov/health/reports/2012/ACAAsianAmericansPacificIslanders/rb. shtml) Most European Americans have discriminated against Pacific Islanders because they didn’t know English. The European Americans were afraid that if the Pacific Islanders learned English they would exceed them in many ways. They would become the minority. Many of the European Americans were believed to be threatened by this. I think I now have a better understanding of what it is like to be a Pacific Islander. The discrimination they have faced has seemed to make them a stronger people. I am happy to have them as part of my country. In conclusion, both Jehovah’s Witnesses and The Pacific Islander, people have experienced a discrimination that seems to have happened because of people who do not understand what they go through daily. They both seem to succeed in their lives because of the discrimination they have experienced. The Jehovah’s Witnesses hold up to their beliefs like the Pacific Islanders stand strong with their ethnic background. They are different because one is a religion and one is an ethnic group. An ethnic group is a group of people who have the same customs or origin. A religion is a belief in a god or a group of gods. I think that both the Pacific Islanders and the Jehovah’s Witnesses get discriminated against because of a lack of understanding.

Euthanasia Essay - Physician-Assisted Suicide :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Views on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide      Ã‚   This essay explores the views of doctors, of the general public, and of the original Hippocratic Oath on the practices of euthanasia and assisted suicide. Considerable reference material is employed - from professional sources.    Regarding the views of physicians on euthanasia and assisted suicide, it is difficult to get a true picture of physicians views from articles in newspapers or from journal review articles. Since euthanasia and assisted suicide are new and a challenge to established values, a report about a single physician practicing assisted suicide is more likely to get published than a report that members of a large physicians' organization reaffirms traditional values. Physicians that practice euthanasia and assisted suicide have been more outspoken and vociferous since many consider themselves as pioneers. Whereas many physicians who continue to practice with traditional ethics, see no need to advertise this fact. Even if one reads consensus statements from medical ethics groups one may get a biased idea of the mainstream views of physicians. These statements are usually written by a small group of physicians, many of whom are active in ethics groups because they want to see change. Several arti cles have been published that poll doctors' views on euthanasia and assisted suicide, and these are likely to get closer to the real views of doctors. In a survey of doctors on management of the persistent vegetative state, 35% of doctors would never withdraw feeding or nutrition and 28% would always treat an acute infection or other life-threatening condition (1).    In a survey of 355 oncologists, the majority found euthanasia or assisted suicide unacceptable. However one in seven oncologists had actually carried out euthanasia or assisted suicide (2). 37% of physicians who look after AIDS patients would be unlikely to assist a patient with established AIDS to commit suicide but 48% said they would be likely to do so (3). 48% of 1355 physicians in Washington state agree that euthanasia is never ethically justified but 33% said they would be willing to perform euthanasia (4). 40% of 1119 Michigan physicians involved in the care of terminally ill patients were in favor of legalization of assisted suicide and 17% favored prohibition of assisted suicide. 22% of physicians would participate in either assisted suicide or euthanasia (5).    Regarding the views of the general public toward these two practices, two-thirds of oncology patients and of the public consider euthanasia and assisted suicide acceptable for cancer patients with unremitting pain (6).

Development of the Resulting Trust Essay

A resulting trust is defined and described as â€Å"a situation in which a transferee is required by equity to hold property on trust for the transferor; or for the person who provided the purchase money for the transfer† (Martin 1993, p. 233). Thus, a resulting trust arises when a person holds a property for another notwithstanding the fact that the former has the legal title in his name but holds the property as fiduciary for the benefit of the original title owner of the one who gave value therefore. Robert Chambers (1997, p. 9) classifies the situations under which a resulting trust may arise as, i. e. â€Å"apparent gifts, trusts which fail and quistclose trust† which shall be discussed at length in the next section. Apparent gifts refer to properties which are transferred gratuitously in favor of another or consideration for its transfer and there is failure on the part of the recipient to prove that said property is given as a gift. Such failure creates a presumption that the recipient holds it in trust for the transferor (Chambers 1997, p. b11). This presumption, however does not apply in cases where properties are provided by the father to his children or husbands in favor of their wives. In this case, the presumption of advancement will have to apply, thus the recipient shall have the right to enjoy the property unless it is proven by evidence that the property was not given or transferred as a gift (Chambers 1997, p. 11). ‘Trusts which fail ‘refer to express trusts that have failed. This category is further classified depending on whether the transfer was made on trust, into 1) presumed and 2) automatic (Chambers 1997, p. 40). It is considered as automatic when the transfer is made on trust but some or all the beneficial interest has not yet been disposed of and presumed when it is not made on trust. There is a presumption of advancement that is created for one to hold the property in trust including the beneficial interest in favor of the other (Chambers 1997, p. 40). The third classification is quistclose trust. This term originated from the case Barclays Bank Ltd. v. Quistclose Investments Ltd. The case involved money that was loaned for a specified purpose was held in trust for the benefit of the lender when it became impossible to fulfill the obligation [Barclays Bank Ltd. v. Quistclose Investments Ltd. , (1970) A. C. 567]. Discussion As previously discussed, gifts which were not proven as such are considered apparent gifts which gives rise to application of the presumptions of resulting trust or advancement. Both of these presumptions are â€Å"presumptions of facts, that fact being the intention of the person who has provided property to another† (Chambers 1997, p. 11). In explaining the presumptions, Lord Diplock in the case of Pettitt v. Pettitt, clarified that the presumptions are the court’s manner of imputing intent when it is relevant and important as it affects legal outcome and there is no evidence from which to infer intent [Pettitt v. Pettitt (1969) UKHL 5]. These presumptions are but a â€Å"consensus of judicial opinion† and are susceptible to change. The rule is that based on primary set of facts, the presumptions will apply and from the set of secondary facts, court can now presume the intent of parties (Chambers 1997, p. 11). In the Pettitt case, the legal title to the home belongs to the wife alone. Lord Upjohn stressed that any conveyance of a property when placed under the name of one spouse is considered also conveying beneficial title over it to the named spouse [Pettitt v. Pettitt (1969) UKHL 5]. Any improvements made by the husband did not give rise to interest in the absence of any agreement. He dismissed the application of the doctrine of resulting trust by applying the principles in the case of Dyer v. Dyer (citing 2 Cox 92 set out in full in White and Tudor’s Leading Cases in Equity 9th edition Vol. II page 749) where the doctrine was rebutted by the fact that the nominee was a child. There is a presumption of advancement which means that it is presumed to have been given as a gift because of the parties’ relationship. The presumptions can only come into play in the absence of evidence from which intentions of the parties can be inferred from and absence of consideration. He argues that similarly, this rebuttal must apply in the case of a wife [Pettitt v. Pettitt (1969) UKHL 5]. Barry and Cassell (1999, p. 1) summarized the possible situations relative to family home into 1) â€Å"where property is paid for by two or more people, but is conveyed into the name of one of them—in this case there is a presumption which is created to the effect that the registered owner holds the property in trust for those contributed by paying the purchase price or mortgage payments of the property. Thus, a resulting trust arises. As enunciated in a landmark case of Lloyds Bank Ltd v Rosset (1991) a claim of interest would mean payments that should have been made are for the part of the purchase price or mortgage payment. Any other contribution is not deemed by law as a claim to interest except in cases of divorce or separation, where substantial contributions have been made pursuant to section 37 Matrimonial Proceedings and Property Act 1970 [Lloyds Bank Ltd v Rosset (1991), 1 AC 107]. The second situation would be when an owner of a property transfers said property to another. The latter therefore is presumed to hold it in trust for the former. This, however is a refutable presumption and may admit of proof of to the contrary (Barry and Cassell 1999, p. 1). The second type of resulting trust is an express trust which failed. The categories of this type were distinguished in the case of Re Vandervell’s Trusts by Megarry, J. as presumed and automatic (Chambers 1997, p. 40). Presumed resulting trust refer to a situation where a property is transferred by A to B. However, the transfer was not made on trust. In this case, there arises a presumption, considering the failure for a provision, the absence of consideration and any presumption of advancement, which B holds on resulting trust in favor of A (Todd 1998, p. 1). On the other hand, automatic resulting trust refer to â€Å"transfer to B is made on trusts which leave some or all of the beneficial interest undisposed of† (Todd 1998, p. 1). The automatic trust is automatically created by the failure to dispose the beneficial interest, in whole or in part to A. This does not require presumptions or intent. Another classification was devised in the case of Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale v Islington London Borough Council [Westdeutsche v. Islington BC(1996) A. C. 669], as follows: a) in cases where a total or partial payment is made by A to B of a property in the name of B or in both A and B. A rebuttable presumption arises that the property or money is a resulting trust held for A or if property is under the names of both A and B, then in shares equivalent to the amount they have contributed. (Wilson 2007, p. 151). This presumption can be refuted by a presumption of advancement or evidence that A actually intended a transfer and b) when by virtue of an express trusts; the entire beneficial interest is not conveyed or transferred (Wilson 2007, p. 151). According to Megarry J. in the case of Re Vandervell’s Trusts (No. 2), the second type is an automatic resulting trust. However, it is should be stressed that resulting trusts are presumptions which arise due the absence of intentions and not imposed by law which in effect are constructive trusts (Wilson 2007, p. 151). For instance in the case of Re West Sussex Constabulary’s Widows, Children and Benevolent Fund Trusts, it was ruled that should the person abandons his beneficial interest in a trust property, the beneficial interest over the portion which was undisposed necessarily belongs to the Crown as â€Å"bona vacantia† [Re West Sussex Constabulary’s Widows, Children and Benevolent Fund Trusts (1971)] Ch 1]. The third type of resulting trusts is quistclose trust. The name originated from the case Barclays Bank Ltd. v. Quistclose Investments Ltd. [(1968) UKHL 4, (1970) A. C. 567]. Rolls Razor could not meet the dividend payment so it borrowed money from Quistclose Investments. This borrowed money was placed in a separate account at Barclays Bank which was opened specifically for the purpose of dividend payment. This dividend payment was not made and thereafter, Rolls Razor filed for voluntary liquidation. Both Barclays and Quistclose Investments filed a claim. The House of Lords ruled that the amount of money in the special account belonged to Quistclose because it was in the nature of a resulting trust [Barclays Bank Ltd. v. Quistclose Investments Ltd. (1968) UKHL 4, (1970) A. C. 567]. The requisites for a quistclose trust to exist: â€Å"the loan is for a specified purpose and does not create a trust in favor of the recipient and the lender does not retain full equitable ownership of it because it is transferred to the recipient upon the condition that it shall be used only for the specified purpose;† should the purpose fail, a resulting trust is created in favor of the lender; and, (Chambers 1997, p. 68). There are two level of trusts structure, i. e. primary which refers to the payment of the loan for the specified purpose and the secondary trust level which refers to the trust in favor of the lender should the loan be not used according to the specified purpose [Barclays Bank Ltd. v. Quistclose Investments Ltd. (1968) UKHL 4, (1970) A. C. 567]. Another case to illustrate the point is Twinsectra v Yardley, the moneys borrowed from Twinsectra for Yardley with an undertaking of the solicitor of Yardley was for the purpose of purchasing a property but the moneys were not applied to said purpose and thereafter Twinsectra sought to recover the loss. Lord Millett made a lengthy discussion of the quistclose trust that it is not contractual but fiduciary. It creates a primary and secondary trust. The lender acquires beneficial interest over the money subject to the condition that it shall be applied for the specified purpose [Twinsectra v Yardley (2002) UKHL 12]. Analysis & Conclusion The presumptions described above arise when there is no evidence from which the intentions of the parties can be inferred. These presumptions have been criticized as being outmoded and not in keeping with the realities of the times. One of the criticisms is the use and application of ‘imputed’ in intention. In the Pettitt case as well as in Gissing v. Gissing, a majority expressed dissent and rejection over the use of imputation and suggested the use of ‘inference’ [Stack v. Dowden (2007) UKHL 17, (2005) EWCA Civ 857, s. 125]. Inference refers to an objective deduction of the actual intent of parties given the acts and circumstances while an imputed intention is â€Å"one which is attributed to the parties, even though no such actual intention can be deduced from their actions and statements, and even though they had no such intention. Imputation involves concluding what the parties would have intended, whereas inference involves concluding what they did intend† [Stack v. Dowden (2007) UKHL 17, (2005) EWCA Civ 857, s. 126]. The presumption of advancement has been criticized as being anachronistic and weak [Pettitt v. Pettitt (1970) AC 777 p. 824]. Lord Diplock explained that it no longer finds relevance in the modern genre as it can only find application during the 19th century of the propertied classes while Lord Hodson opined that it may only be of some use when there are no living witnesses from which inferences can be made of the intent of the parties [Pettitt v. Pettitt (1970) AC 777 p. 811]. It also has been rejected as one which is gender biased. The presumption of advancement is grounded on situation where gifts are transferred by the father, fiance (male to the daughters, wives (female) and does not provide the reverse but possible situations. In fact, it was further criticized as being in contravention of the Seventh Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights relative to equality of rights and responsibilities between spouses and their children including the enjoyment of these rights without discrimination based on sex (Law Commission 2008, p.2-3). There have been moves made by the UK government to abolish the presumption but the proposed bill did not get to the second reading (Law Commission 2008, p. 3). The presumption of advancement was also criticized for perpetuating illegal transactions. As in the case of Tinsley v Milligan, where spouses jointly bought a house but the title was placed under the name of one of them so that the other can collect social security benefits. When both separated, the House of Lords applied the presumption of resulting trust [Tinsley v Milligan (1994) 1 AC 340]. Another issue is the beneficial interest. Dr. Chambers, in his book Resulting Trusts believes that beneficial interest is in the borrower because the lender has neither intention to transfer the entire beneficial interest nor the intention to retain it and considering that the transfer of beneficial interest is not in its entirety, the resulting trust is the default trust [Twinsectra v Yardley (2002) UKHL 12]. The Court of Appeal in the Twinsectra case holds the belief that the beneficial interest is in suspense. Both analyses cannot however explain the reason why the Court of Appeal allowed proprietary relief/remedy against the recipient of the misapplied funds unless the funds belonged to Twinsectra even before the misapplication; otherwise, there is no logical explanation for allowing remedy in favor of the third parties [Twinsectra v Yardley (2002) UKHL 12. An analysis of the explanation of Wilberforce L. in the Barclays case of primary and seconday trusts reveals that the resulting trust will arise only after the moneys have been used for another purpose other than the one specified and consequently, the lender’s interest to secure the moneys will be after the breach of contract. Therefore, it can be said that the interest of the lender to secure the moneys would be too late for certain circumstances. The resulting trust only arises when the loan is misapplied or paid for a purpose other than the specified purpose. However, insolvency can be possible to occur and pre date this breach of contract. By following Wilberforce’s interpretation, the lender cannot make a claim of resulting trust because his security interest has not yet arisen (Hudson 200 p. 6). On the other hand, the Twinsectra case, Millet’s L. version is that equitable interest is retained through out the period of the contract of loan. This is precisely an express trust where the lender retains equitable interest from the time the loan is entered into therefore he has security of interest even before the breach of the contract (Hudson 200 p. 6). This however, involves retention of title which destroys the essence of a resulting trust. The preferred analysis would be that it should be an express trust. However, the UK judicial system has not enunciated this principle in a case before it. It was only in Australia that this was made (Hudson 200 p. 8). Much is to be desired in the reform of resulting trusts that the Law Reform would need to address in terms of legislation and its effects on other cases. Reference List Barclays Bank Ltd. v. Quistclose Investments Ltd. (1968) UKHL 4, (1970) A. C. 567, viewed 23 March 2008, Barry, R and Cassell, E 1999, Trusts and family home: resulting trusts. University of Essex, viewed 21 March 2008, < http://www. luiss. it/erasmuslaw/uk/Ingh5. html> Chambers, R 1997 Resulting trusts, Oxford University, Clarendon Press, pp. 1-45. Hudson, A 2006 Fundamental of quistclose trusts, viewed on 24 March 2008, Law Commission 2008, Presumption of advancement: does it have any effect in practice? Law Commission Law Reform UK web site, viewed on 23 March 2008, < http://www. lawcom. gov. uk/docs/presumption_of_advancement. pdf. > Lloyds Bank Ltd v Rosset (1991), 1 AC 107, viewed on 21 March 2008, http://www.bailii. org/uk/cases/UKHL/1990/4. html Martin, J 1993, Hanbury and Martin: Modern equity, 17th edn, London, Oxford University, pp. 1-226. Pettitt v. Pettitt, [1969] UKHL 5 (23 April 1969), viewed on 21 March 2008, http://www. bailii. org/cgi-bin/markup. cgi? doc=/uk/cases/UKHL/1969/5. html Stack v. Dowden (2007) UKHL 17, (2005) EWCA Civ 857, viewed on 23 March 2008, http://business. timesonline. co. uk/tol/business/law/article1704361. ece Tinsley v Milligan (1994) 1 AC 340, (1993) UKHL 3, viewed on 23 March 2008, < http://www. bailii. org/cgi-bin/markup. cgi? doc=/uk/cases/UKHL/1993/3. html> Todd, P 1998, Introduction: resulting trusts. Our World web site, viewed on 21 March 2008, http://ourworld. compuserve. com/homepages/pntodd/trusts/informal/res_tr. htm Twinsectra v Yardley (2002) UKHL 12 UK Parliament web site, viewed on 23 March 2008 < http://www. publications. parliament. uk/pa/ld200102/ldjudgmt/jd020321/yardle-1. htm> Wilson, S 2007, Todd & Wilson’s Textbook on Trusts, Eighth edn. , London, Oxford University Press, pp. 150-152. Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale v Islington London Borough Council (1996) A. C. 669, (1996) UKHL 12, viewed on 24 March 2008, http://www. bailii. org/uk/cases/UKHL/1996/12. html

How Does Emily Dickinson Try to Describe a Psychological State in Her Poem “I Felt a Funeral in My Brain”

How does Emily Dickinson try to describe a psychological state in her poem â€Å"I felt a Funeral in my Brain? † Emily Dickson was born in 1830, in the town of Amherst, Massachusetts. She grew up in a prominent and prosperous household in which she was raised as a cultured Christian woman. The sixteenth centaury was a very historical period in America. During this time slavery had been abolished, women were campaigning for rights, gold was discovered and America was going through a depression. Transcendentalism was one of the most important movements of the time. Rad also  We grow accustomed to the darkThe poem â€Å"I felt a Funeral in my Brain† appears to convey the experience of a mind facing its own collapse. â€Å"Funeral in my Brain† is a metaphor for the death of the mind. Throughout the poem Dickinson expresses the idea of a breakdown which is both psychological and physical. The opening stanza presents the metaphor of a funeral that is used throughout the poem to convey the sense of a breakdown. â€Å"Brain†Ã‚  refers to both the concrete physical organ and to the abstract idea of the speaker’s mind; such dual meanings are used throughout the poem to convey the physical and mental effects of the breakdown.The noun â€Å"Funeral† refers to the speakers psychological mind in which she feels like is slowly dying. The speaker is experiencing synaesthesia as well as feeling detached from her body and her thoughts, she is also having difficulty organising her thoughts. Both â€Å"Funeral† and â⠂¬Å"Brain† have capital letters which emphasise the importance of their impact and the theme throughout the poem. Both words are polar opposites as you wouldn’t relate your brain which is the most powerful and most important organ to that of a funeral which is related to death, sadness and sorrow.This therefore implies that the speaker is experiencing a depression of the mind. The fact that the speaker â€Å"felt† a funeral in her brain suggests that the funeral is psychological instead of a physical event. The speaker expresses her feelings instead of delineating them. A funeral is also a religious event which is held in a place of worship. This illustrates the importance of religion during the 16th century and the impact it had on the lives of people during that period.The second line of the stanza â€Å"And Mourners to and fro† is a metaphorical way of explaining her state of mind and expressing the pain in her mind it also suggests that the mourners co uld possibly be one of the reasons why the speaker is in a depression. â€Å"To and fro† means to move back and forth; the mourners may be stuck in her head as she is thinking about them, they are not leaving her mind, they continue to confuse her and disconnect her with her thoughts. Another interpretation could be that the mourners are trying to tell her something or try and make her aware. Mourners† refers to a group of people, this suggests that society may be against her and her beliefs; they are not allowing her to have a thought process but are trying to confuse her. A â€Å"mourner† is a person or persons in this case who expresse grief and sorrow while attending a funeral; which is in the speaker’s brain. In addition this links to the funeral in her brain it implies that she may have a headache from the â€Å"mourners† confusing her or by staying in her mind, they may be depressing her even more.The speaker creates imagery by trying to expr ess the funeral in her brain as a physical event instead of a psychological one. The speaker implies that she is actually attending a funeral, to her it seems real but to others it may suggest a sense of madness and loss of reality. In the third and fourth line of the first stanza Dickson uses a metaphor to describe and create imagery of the speakers mind. â€Å"Kept treading-treading- till it seemed that sense was breaking through† she uses a verb â€Å"treading† to emphasis the effect of the mourners.The verb â€Å"treading â€Å"implies that the mourners are walking on, over or along her. They are trying to trample or crush her both physically and mentally. â€Å"Treading† is repeated through repetition to exaggerate what the mourners are doing to her. It indicates a pressure that is pushing her down. Treading is a harsh word, the fact that it’s repeated suggests that it’s ongoing; they are not stopping. The mourners may be treading so that th e speaker begins to understand, they may be treading to bring out a sense of reality back in to her, they are trying to wake her up.This links to the idea of sleep paralysis; she may be dreaming and not aware. Dickinson also uses alliteration to emphasis and enhances the word â€Å"treading†. â€Å"That sense was breaking through† this implies that the speaker is understanding what is going on , things are starting to make sense to her as the mourners were treading which sparked something in her brain to understand. On the other hand there are many different things which could be breaking through to her.It may be that the mourners are pushing her to make sense or that she finally understood herself and her own sense and beliefs were sinking in. Her â€Å"sense† (or knowledge) of what is occurring begins â€Å"breaking through† to climax in some kind of understanding about her impending devastation. Like the word brain, which has two meanings, the word sen se can also refer to the speaker’s physical senses, which are likewise affected by the mourners plaguing her mind. In addition I felt a cleaving in my mind compares to I felt a funeral in my brain in many ways.The poet has been in a depression and unhealthy mental state. In the first stanza she feels like her brain is splitting and she is trying to gather herself but could not succeed. In comparison to the speaker in Dickinson poem â€Å"that sense was breaking through† She described her condition in simple clear words such as â€Å"cleaving, brain, seam by seam† just like Dickinson has delineated the speakers condition in words that everyone can relate to and understand such as â€Å"funeral, brain †¦Ã¢â‚¬  the poem is also similar to that of Dickinson’s because the speakers both experience a depression of the mind. I felt a funeral in my brain† and â€Å"I felt a cleaving in my mind† however the speaker feels a funeral in her brain a nd the other in her mind. Even though both are similar your brain is an organ whereas your mind is originated in your brain but is manifested in thought and emotion. On the other hand a psychological depression is possible in both your mind and brain. In the second stanza of Dickinson’s â€Å" I felt a funeral in my brain† The mourners are all seated, representing a quiet moment, perhaps marking the end of the speaker’s initial panic or mental chaos.However, the respite is short-lived, and the â€Å"Service, like a Drum† begins a fresh assault on both her physical senses and mind. The sound of the drum, like the treading of the mourners, is another attack on her sanity, an attack so fierce that she feels her mind â€Å"going numb. † Numbness is a physical sensation that stands as another example of the speaker’s struggle to convey her experience in understandable physical terms. â€Å"A Service like a Drum† is a metaphor giving refere nce to the normalcy of everyday life that people went on living while she was falling apart and breaking down.This line implies that her â€Å"funeral† is more like a performance rather than a religious gathering as a â€Å"drum† is not the usual instrument which is played at a funeral or a service. A drum is however an upbeat and continuous musical instrument. This may suggest that her headache is still there. â€Å"A service like a drum† also conveys military imagery since the mourners are all seated, no one is standing and a drum is on beat. This implies the idea of conformity during the sixteenth centaury. It also uggests that her â€Å"funeral service† was like any other, it was normal, nothing out of the ordinary occurred. This may also imply that the speaker feels tense as a drum makes a pressuring beat which is never ending. This refers to the first line â€Å"And they all were seated†. â€Å"They† conveys the idea that society was t ogether and she was alone. This therefore gives reference to isolation. The speaker could have said â€Å"we† instead of â€Å"they† which portrays that the speaker was not part of their group and didn’t conform.This implies that she had different views and beliefs to that of society which led to her being an outcast. Dickinson uses repetition when delineating the sound of the drum and her psychological state. â€Å"Kept beating-beating-till I thought my mind was going numb† This chips away at her mind until she can’t endure anymore so it goes numb. The word beating is also used as a homonym, being used as the verb beating in that it is not only the sound of the beating of the drum, but the beating down of a person. The â€Å"beating† goes on until she can endure no more until she â€Å"goes numb†.It implies the psychological torture of her interaction with people and how it lost any meaning and just droned on an on in her mind, torme nting her in its absence of actual meaning. It was the psychological beating and the metaphor of beating like a drum, as well as the abuse that it felt like. The repetition of the verb â€Å"beating† emphasises the fact that the drum or in fact society won’t stop pressurising her and continues to feed information to her even though she doesn’t want to hear it. It also suggests that the service was very long as it kept â€Å"beating beating â€Å".The speaker is affected by the beating of the drum as her mind goes â€Å"numb† which suggests that her condition is deteriorating and the drum beat is fading into her mind. The beliefs of Society are starting to sink in to her head. The words â€Å"Drum† and â€Å"Numb† rhyme in the stanza which correlates the difference between them and implies that the drum makes her mind go numb. This second stanza is similar to that of I felt a cleaving in my mind, as in this stanza she tried to follow her th oughts and the thoughts before however it was out of sequence.They were like â€Å"balls on the floor† slipping away, discrete, and incoherent and out of reach. This compares to that of her mind going â€Å"numb† because of the beating of the drum. In the third stanza of Dickinson’s poem the speaker implies that the â€Å"funeral† has to come to an end as â€Å"And then I heard them lift a box† suggests that her casket is being carried out to be put into her grave. This creates imagery as it leads to delineate her physiological state. â€Å"And creak across my soul† the word â€Å"soul† refers to a spiritual and religious state of mind. â€Å"Creak† leads us to think that the soul must be made of wood.When the mourners lifted the coffin they tore at her soul as if the death of her mind was still not the end. The fact that they creaked across her soul suggests that they wanted there to be nothing left of her, implying that all t hat they had already done to her was not the end, but there was more suffering left even though she thought it was over. Dickinson uses a metaphor â€Å"creak across my soul† to portray the speaker as suffering even at her funeral. If you creak it implies that you are hiding something as you walk carefully. This links to â€Å"with those same boats of lead, again†.Lead is a very heavy metal so the fact that the mourners are wearing boots of lead at her funeral and â€Å"creaking† across her soul suggest how un thoughtful they are and how much hate they have towards her as if you creak across someone soul with boots of lead you intend to crush them. The speaker implies that she has seen those boots of lead before â€Å"same† and â€Å"again† implies that the person who is wearing the boots was the one who caused her the pain and suffering that she experienced and has now come back at her â€Å"funeral† wearing the boots to remind her of every thing that happened; like a flashback.The fact that the person creaked across her soul in boots of lead is peculiar as when you creak you walk slowly, trying not to get caught. But if you creak while wearing boots of lead which is a heavy metal it’s like you know what you’re doing , the person may have wanted to slowly creak across her soul to remind of her of her past. The last line of the stanza â€Å"Then space-began to toll† implies that after they have walked across the speaker's soul, â€Å"Space† begins to â€Å"toll† like a bell. Church bells often toll at the end of a service, so we're in religious territory.She imagines that her mind or soul is like an entire universe containing a vast empty space. With their departure, the world around her rings out with sound, almost chaotically, with no sense or reason, as there is no longer a functioning mind to make sense of all the noise. The speaker begins to understand that this is really it for h er. The fourth stanza continues the ending of the third stanza. All existence has been transformed to an â€Å"ear,† The ringing bell of heaven both symbolizes church bells ringing for the death of her sanity and the random noises and sounds f the world around her. She can no longer make sense of reality; it exists completely in the forms of sensations, intense sounds, without a mind to bring order to it all. Although the poem is surreal throughout, it grows more and more surreal as it progresses echoing the loss of her sanity. While she is left alone with the silence inside her mind because at this point her mind is for the most part gone, with only a little bit left; she no longer has racing thoughts because her brain has separated from the world. The â€Å"Space† from line 12 turns into the â€Å"Heavens† that ring like a bell.Dickinson has zoomed out from the funeral scene. â€Å"Being† is a generic term for existence. We say â€Å"human beings,† for example, to refer to human existence. If being is an ear, that makes us into passive receivers of the noise of the universe. We can't control what we hear. The tolling of the bell is a repetitive sound that reminds us of the â€Å"treading–treading† of the first stanza or the â€Å"beating–beating† of the second. Dickinson refers to â€Å"if all the heavens were a bell† which suggests that the speaker thinks that heaven is calling out for her to come, ringing for her through the sound of a bell. And being but an ear† implies that she can only hear but cannot respond, so the heavens are ringing for her and she can hear them only. The speaker may feel as if the church bells are ringing inside her head. This creates religious imagery as â€Å"Heaven† relates to religion. â€Å"And I and silence, some strange race, wrecked solitary here† the speaker suggests that all she has is silence and herself which implies that she feels isolated. She feels as if â€Å"silence† is her only companion and she feels united with silence.The speaker emphasises her isolation by describing herself and the other race as â€Å"wrecked solitary, here† telling us that there is no hope for her or others like her, that are broken or alone. The â€Å"Silence† can also be another reference to her isolation with its implication of separation from the rest of the world. While they are described as an â€Å"ear† she is trapped alone in silence. This would make her (the silent one) useless to everyone else (the ear). Further, the implication is that she does not need communication with others; with the â€Å"ear† seem to rely on, it is something that they share from which she is excluded.The speaker thinks that she and Silence belong to the same â€Å"Race,† or type of individual. We don't know why Silence would be in a world filled with the sound of a bell, but Silence is the negative side o f sound. Both the speaker and Silence are passive and empty. In the last stanza it turns out she did have a little bit of reason left. The plank of reason breaks like rotting wood and she plunges deeper and deeper into insanity, allowing her to  view  the world multiple times through the eyes of madness her insanity allows her to see multiple worlds, not visible to the sane.Dickinson twists our notions about insanity with her last line. Only through madness can we truly know the world as it is. However, since you’re mad there is no way you can communicate this knowledge to others, hence the ambiguity of the last line; she knows all about the world, thanks to her madness she is able to see it from new perspectives, but since she is mad there is no way to communicate this information intelligibly to others who aren’t mad. â€Å"And then a plank in reason broke† this implies that she may have fallen through the cracks of religion, standing on a plank that is ro oting.This suggests the hypocracy behind religion as religion is seen as pure and the answer to everything especially during the sixteenth centaury. This can also be interpreted as her logic or common sense disintegrated; she lost touch with reality and her own sense of reason. Dickinson uses a metaphor to portray her loss with reality â€Å"and then a plank in reason broke†. â€Å"And I dropped down, and down, And hit a world at every plunge†   She falls past â€Å"worlds,† which may stand for her past; in any case, she is losing her connections to reality.Her descent is described as â€Å"plunges,† suggesting the speed and force of her fall into psychological chaos. She hit a â€Å"world† the speaker doesn’t specifically say what world she hit but it does suggest her psychological state deteriorating. The word â€Å"And† is used at the beginning of every line in this final stanza, giving further rhythm to the descent. The fact tha t she hit a world at every plunge also suggests the speed and force of her fall into psychological chaos and the fact that her life flashes before her life. At the end of her fall, or at least the end of the poem, she â€Å"Finished knowing. It makes sense for someone who has lost their power of reason or intelligence to not be able to know things anymore.The last word of the poem, â€Å"then–,† does not finish or end her experience but leaves open the door for the nightmare-horror of madness. The meter of the poem is in the classical ballad meter style of Dickinson, and gives the poem a sombre tone. The ABDB rhyme scheme carries us through the poem until the use of slant rhyme wakes us up in the last stanza. The poem is structured with 4 lines for every stanza. The themes of the poem are in capitals in every line of every stanza. I, Funeral, Brain, Mourners, Kept, Sense† etc. Dickinson uses many dashes and comas in this poem. In conclusion, Dickinson tries to d escribe a psychological state in her poem â€Å"I felt a funeral in my Brian â€Å"through the language she uses such as metaphors and the structure of her stanzas which include punctuation. The funeral in her brain symbolizes  the end of one state of conscious and way of thinking about the world to be replaced by a newer state of being which is impacted through the period of time and the way religion influenced her.

Causes Of Changing Religious Affiliation

Causes Of Changing Religious Affiliation Free Online Research Papers The practice of the religion of your choice is a basis for America as we know it. With the freedom to choose any religion, it is very easy for people to move from one affiliation to another. Religion can play various roles in a person’s life and the selection or changing of religious affiliation is a major decision and change in one’s life. There are many reasons why a person chooses to change religions. The main causes for this type of change are social stigma, personal relationships, or lifestyle changes. Religions can play the role of providing an identity for followers. Many churches are associated with certain types of behaviors and characteristics. People may presume that follows of Hinduism are highly tolerant and peaceful. There can be positive social stigmas associated with certain religions. However, events in the news can also create negative social stigmas for religions. Many may associate followers of Islam with radical terrorism, and people may also associate Catholics with child abuse. Many followers may not want to carry the social burden associated with certain religions. On the contrary, followers may change to religions to that are viewed positively in society. For these reasons, social stigmas are a major cause for people changing their religions. Religions also serve a purpose of unifying and providing guidance to members of the same household. While many people choose to limit their romantic relationships to people of their same religious affiliation, so many others do not use religion as a consideration when deciding who they may date. Many people are able to have happy relationships with partners of different religious affiliations. However, when two people decide to marry and build a family together, it is desirable to have one religion in the household. For this reason, marriage and relationships are a major cause for people to change religions. Religions have a major impact on a person’s lifestyle, and a person’s lifestyle has a big impact on which religion they practice. When people experience major difficulties that affect their lifestyle, they often look to their religion for guidance, support, and acceptance. Many people who are incarcerated, suffer from life threatening illnesses, or go through major personal losses may reach out to religions that promote forgiveness, healing, and prayer for changes in life. Other people live lifestyles are aren’t accepted by all religious groups, such as homosexuality or interracial marriages. Other people live lonely lives and seek a religion that provides more than a weekly worship service, but social opportunities. These are just a few reasons why lifestyle can be a major cause for a person to change their religious affiliation. Religion plays different roles in our society. Many people don’t choose their religion, but are born into a family that practices a certain religion. As people grow up, there are many different aspects of life that can cause them to seek something different from the religion within which they were raised. Social stigma, personal relationships and marriage, and one’s lifestyle are major causes to people changing their religions. Research Papers on Causes Of Changing Religious AffiliationCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andGenetic Engineering19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThree Concepts of PsychodynamicInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

CYSTIC FIBROSIS1 essays

CYSTIC FIBROSIS1 essays According to old northern European folklore, a child that tasted salty when kissed upon the forehead was bewitched and would soon die. Today we know the reason -the genetic disease, cystic fibrosis or CF. It is a chronic, progressive disease and the most common, fatal inherited disorder in the United States. About 30,000 Americans suffer from cystic fibrosis, and 2500 babies are born in the U.S. with the disease each year. While all races and ethnic groups may suffer from the disease, it occurs most often in whites whose ancestors came from northern Europe. About 1 in every 20 Americans is an unaffected carrier of the disease because they have one abnormal CF gene. Patients with CF produce a thick, sticky mucus; much thicker than a healthy person. The buildup of this mucus clogs ducts and body tubes, leading to chronic tissue inflammation and the replacement of injured cells with scar tissue which blocks the airways of the lungs and ducts in the pancreas and liver. In the lungs, this mucus impairs breathing and causes chronic bacterial infections. Lung disease is the main cause of death from cystic fibrosis. Occlusion of ducts in the pancreas prevents digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas from reaching the intestines where they are required for proper digestion. Cirrhosis of the liver and male infertility are also associated with the disease. Until recently, most of the information known about cystic fibrosis was gained from observation. In 1938, Dorothy H. Anderson of Columbia University, provided the first descriptions of body changes produced by CF. From autopsies performed on infants and children, she described destruction of the lungs and pancreas. A decade later, physicians had connected the clogged ducts and passageways to the bodys inability to digest nutrients and respiratory failure. By 1946, studies about family patterns of disease inheritance led researchers to realize that cys...

Dialogue Writing Tips

Dialogue Writing Tips Dialogue Writing Tips Dialogue Writing Tips By Ali Hale Some writers love dialogue. They find that they have a natural ear for how different characters speak, and that the dialogue races along, carrying the story with it. Others struggle over every word of a dialogue-heavy scene, feeling that the characters sound stiff and unlifelike. Fortunately, there’s a huge amount of great advice on writing dialogue; I’m going to be quoting from three authors and books: Nigel Watts – Teach Yourself Writing a Novel (and Getting Published) Elizabeth George – Write Away: One Novelist’s Approach to Fiction and the Writing Life Robert Graham – How to Write Fiction (and Think About It) The function of dialogue I’m sure you know what dialogue is – spoken words between two or more characters. What I want to look at here is what purpose the dialogue serves within a story. Watts writes that all dialogue should accomplish at least one of the following three things: Moving the story forwards Giving information Contributing to characterisation George agrees that â€Å"in the most basic kinds of writing, dialogue serves the interests of moving the story forwards.† She believes, too, that better writing involves dialogue that contributes to characterisation, where â€Å"what [a character] says and how he says it tell us as much about who he is as do his actions†. For George, however, really good dialogue goes far beyond this. She suggests that it can: Foreshadow events which are to come Make these events more vivid when they do arrive Give characters, and the relationships between them, life Both Watts and George agree that dialogue shouldn’t only exist to give the reader information. This sort of speech invariably sounds clunky and unnatural, as characters often end up telling one another things that the reader knows they’d already be aware of. (â€Å"Your wife, who you married ten years ago†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) Making dialogue sound natural? One of the major struggles which many writers have is writing natural sounding dialogue. Characters often end up sounding stilted, wooden and unreal. George suggest that a good author â€Å"gives [dialogue] the look and sound of natural speech even while he knows he cannot make it a reproduction of natural speech.† Here, George is saying that dialogue should have a certain verisimilitude – it should seem real to the reader, but it shouldn’t have all the umms, errs and false starts of real speech. Try taping two or more people talking, or reading a verbatim transcript of a live show. You’ll find that the result is almost unintelligible. You don’t want your dialogue to be this true to life, though; unless, as George writes, your character â€Å"has a speech impediment, low-wattage brain power, synapses misfiring, or psychological problems, and the dialogue is being used to define his natural limitations.† To make dialogue seem natural – without boring the reader to tears or making them think that all the characters are blathering idiots – try some of these tips: Use contractions (â€Å"don’t†, â€Å"shouldn’t†, â€Å"can’t†) unless a character is very stuffy or speaking in a very formal context. Let characters break off sentences, or speak in phrases rather than sentences. (You might think of these as verbless sentences – they’re great for dialogue.) Have characters interrupt one another. Use the occasional â€Å"um† or â€Å"er†, if a character is being particularly hesitant. Giving characters distinct speech patterns When writing dialogue, it’s important not only to make the words sound natural but to distinguish (and characterise) your characters by the way in which they speak. Graham writes that â€Å"dialogue is characteristic of the person speaking it†, and emphasises that the words a character says must seem â€Å"in-character† for the reader to accept them as real. Watts emphasises that â€Å"as your characters have different physical and emotional characteristics, so too should they speak differently.† Some factors to consider when finding each character’s â€Å"voice†, as well as their personality, are: What sort of educational background does the character have? Where are they from (geographically)? How old are they? What do they do for a living? All of these will affect whether your character is terse or long-winded, whether they use technical terms or layman’s ones. They’ll also determine the sort of slang that your characters use (none at all? Out-of-date slang? Offensive slang?) One area to be cautious about – something which Graham, Watts and George all mention – is the use of dialect. If your character has a very strong regional accent, the reader will quickly get tired (or confused) if you attempt to spell everything out phonetically. As Graham says, â€Å"You don’t want your story to grind to a halt while readers work out syllable by syllable just exactly what has been said.† Try using a couple of regional words to give the dialogue the right flavour: a Scottish character, for instance, would use words like â€Å"wee† (meaning â€Å"small†) and â€Å"bonnie†. Do you find dialogue easy to write, or is it one of your weak areas? Do you have any tips on writing realistic speech that reveals character, moves the story along and makes characters come to life? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)Dawned vs. Donned9 Forms of the Past Tense

Identity and Representation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Identity and Representation - Essay Example It will further highlight the tensions encountered in entering an unfamiliar group and how the values brought in are affected. Some electronic, print and social media have linked Islam and, inevitably, the Arab world to intolerance and violence while ignoring its commonalities to other religions (Cote & Levine 57). Some cultural groups immediately associate the mention of an Arab with negativities such as barbarism, terrorism, religious fanatics, cruelty, oil wars in deserts and belly-dancing women. As an Arab student in the US, where a multicultural philosophy conspicuously prevails in the education system, I was shocked at how different it is with Arabs. Some students are driven into an identity crisis and take frantic measures, some extreme, to adopt or reject the host culture with a risk of ending up in depression. However, I decided not to lose my culture, which is the source of my identity and at the same time not give stereotypes, in contrast to their expectations, a chance to confirm their perceptions. The best way to maintain a positive identity is to preserve my heritage while respecting that of others by fully interacting with them. As a new member of the university society, it is my duty not to let the behaviors, feelings and thoughts of those I interact with be influenced by their wrongly adviced perception of my cultural background. I chose to view the diversity of the American culture as the true source of knowledge, beauty and richness that it is. At the same time, I expect the US Constitution to support the desire of all minorities, including Arabs and Muslims, to conserve their heritage. That will be in accordance to the values upon which the US was built (Leary & Tangney 24). I do not intend to let go of my cultural roots, and I opted for a problem-oriented approach towards the stereotype, rather than an emotion-oriented one as stereotypes would expect. An emotional approach would make me want to â€Å"fit into† the American culture an d resent anything linking me to my culture. This leads to attempts to attain a culture that I do not belong to, with a possibility of rejecting my own people. Instead, I chose to be proud of my identity and heritage and contribute positively to a country populated with a myriad of cultures. I attend and invite friends to my cultural functions as well as others that are foreign to me. I never point out any negative aspect of other cultures, especially in culturally polarized areas or around people that can be offended by my remarks. I make it my policy to participate, and invite others, to community service whenever time allows. I further realize that an emotion-oriented approach towards an identity representation can lead an individual or a cultural group to create a defense mechanism, albeit unconsciously. They attach themselves fully to their homes or community and vehemently reject everything else not perceived as part of their heritage. Such rejection of outside cultures often c ulminates into violence, which contributes towards confirmation of the stereotype. Studies have shown that this group even has a tendency of rejecting other Arabs who adopted foreign cultures (Leary & Tangney 31). It is further shown that

Build a prototype E-Commerce Website Assignment - 1

Build a prototype E-Commerce Website - Assignment Example Logically, it is the marketing in every business that constructs the fundamental basis on which the business performance lies. The business has performed development-oriented studies and ascertained the origin of its misfortunes. Moreover the business has realized the remedy activities that if executed would reinstate the original performance capacity of the organization (Miller 2009). While pointing out the fact that there are particular aspects that influence the business situation and their adverse effects, the business has identified technology and proper management as the critical sources of the difficulties. However, the company problems have been condensed into a single trouble bordering the marketing and monitoring of stock. The company has experienced a slow pace of delivering products to its customer. The slower pace in selling as well as delivery of products to its customers has attributed to the cheaper sales due to the application of manual systems in the sales. Moreover, the manual outdated system of controlling the stock has been identified to being time consuming and wasting more time as a result. According to all the above provisions, the business has realized that a sole solution to its predicaments attributing to its ability to meet its threshold of  £2500 to cater for the basic requirements can be solved through the e-commerce. The contemporary system to be adopted by the company besides being observed as a future development strategy, it will also operate as a platform in the entire United Kingdom with a current venture in technological applications regarded as probable solutions (Schneider 2011). Throughout this piece, there will be an explicit elaboration on the current trends in e-commerce and the entire business fraternity. There will be a complete elaboration on the infrastructure needed to uphold development in the business. There will be justification of the desired choice amongst

Educational Inequality in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Educational Inequality in America - Essay Example Educational inequality has been a major priority of researchers in the US. Researchers have centered on the impact of poverty, or of social class, or of gender, or of ethnicity or race on young people's personal experience of education. In a related study on educational inequality, the theoretical concept for their study pinpointed the concept of social division as a lens in understanding the link between class and gender relations in shaping the educational achievements of students from ruling-class and working-class families. Thus, the social dynamics of class relations and gender relations is riddled with numerous tensions and contradiction. These can be seen as structuring processes rather than 'systems' in which social relations is organised and disorganised through time. The interaction of gender and class for a working class signifies a relationship between processes. (Connell et al., 1982:179-81). In addition, Connell et al.'s call for reform is one which does away with the stringent academic curriculum for one which works in the interests of the majority of the population rather than the 'ruling class' minority. The study's conclusion is that certain private schools are organic to the ruling class. It a;sp sjoes-and their distressing evidence which shows the extent to which state schools are a disruptive, disempowering force in the lives of the working class-the group call for a form of schooling organic to the working class. (Connell et al., 1982:179-81).Furthermore, Connell et al. emphasize the 'doing of history' perspective at the individual, group, institutional and structural levels. The basic concepts to their approach are practice consisting of the activities of people as they live their daily lives. The situation pertains to the home, school, and to the social and cultural characteristics of the social interaction. Each level of academic experience is viewed from dif ferent aspects of the same dynamic reality and each exists in a reciprocal relationship with the others. . (Connell et al., 1982:179-81). Children from simple family backgrounds The report by James Coleman was a response to Section 402 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which called for a survey to discuss the apparent lack of equal educational opportunities for persons by reason of race, color, religion, or national origin. Coleman's findings on the extent of the achievement gap between black and white students between and within regions, and between and within schools, highlighted the importance of families over schools for setting educational performance. (Coleman 4) Coleman sets this conclusion: "The sources of inequality of educational opportunity lie first in the home itself and the cultural influences surrounding the home. Second, they lie in the schools' ineffectiveness to free achievement from the impact of the home, and third, in the schools' cultural make-up which reinforces the social influences of the home and its immediate settings. (Coleman 10) Children from poor families deal with fewer resources in their schools Five areas are examined when building a causal argument for racial differences in academic achievement: student qualitiess and attitudes, family and home settings, peers, schools and faculty members, and neighborhood locations. Variables pertaining to students cover factors such as age and sex, attitudinal levels of the student's commitment to school, aspirations and

Chinese Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Chinese Culture - Essay Example From the perspective of warfare, the Northern China favored horse troops while on the other hand, South China land favored naval force for battles due to their landscape. The residents of Modern China have been exposed to multiple clans, tribes and countries which have assisted them in evolving culturally, attitudinally and linguistically. Stereotypes have prominently come into existence due to this perceptual dissimilarity; out of which most dominant is appearance of the inhabitants. Northern are categorized as taller, loud, warm-hearted, loyal, open, energetic, expressive, fairer, with small eyes, longer rugged face with a Mandarin dialect and wheat based diet. These attributes can lead to a direction which supports the leadership and heroic charisma of Northerners. Whereas, a southerner is labeled quite distinctly as shorter, darker, clever, cultured, wealthy, artistic, large eyed, round face with a southern dialect and rice based diet. So, Southerners are considered as shrewd, industrious, scholarly yet cunning; entrepreneurial and artistic lifestyle is preferred by such people. Moreover, in terms of agricultural priorities, North harvests apples, melons, peaches, corn, and root-based vegetables;howeverSouth cultivates tropical fruits and leafy vegetables for instance mangoes, bananas, coconuts, tomatoes, and taro roots. China is subject to dramatic diversity in terms of geographical presence and divided into two regions: China Proper and Outer China. China Proper is the most urban and densely populated region which drives the economic and industrial growth for the Chinese economy. According to the Countries and culture encyclopedia, Huang He Chinese culture dominates the region. The alluvial soil, moderate temperature and sufficient river water make the region a basic source of agriculture which has been the driver of Chinese economic growth since earlier times. The sub regions in China Proper add to its

Organization as a Metaphor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organization as a Metaphor - Essay Example Openness of an organization to inquiry and also self-assessment inculcates this capability in the top management to take the organization to the next level by showing creativity and innovation. When an organization displays these qualities of a brain, it transforms into a learning system that can be self-organized. This is not only very convenient for the organizational personnel, but also one of the fundamental pre-requisites for the success and growth of organizations in the contemporary age where competition is very high and organizations need competitive advantage in order to earn the trust and confidence of the stakeholders and excel in the market. Using this metaphor as a lens and analyzing the current state of the organization through this lens, it becomes apparent that the strategies of the top management controlling the organization change rapidly, and this has an effect on everybody in the hierarchy of the organizational structure from top to bottom. This has mixed effects on the organizational culture. ... ise the level of motivation of the organizational personnel as least just as much as they invest their time and effort in identifying new ways in which the organization can be changed. It must be realized that organizational personnel fundamentally play the role of wheels upon which the vehicle of organization travels, so keeping them fully functional is no less important than fueling the organization with innovative ideas. Having such a detailed in-sight into my organization with the help of the developed metaphor suggested by Morgan, I have identified several potential strengths and drawbacks of my organization, as well as a way to eradicate the drawbacks and instead, change the risks into opportunities. Change is an integral element for an organization to qualify as â€Å"a brain† and there is a wide range of literature that reveals that change is something that is not much appreciated by the organizational personnel owing to the fact that it challenges their interests and may not let the circumstances remain favorable for the attainment of their individualistic interests. Change management requires sound leadership and management skills on the part of the top management. One way in which change can be managed effectively is by identifying the collective motivation factors for the organizational workforce as a whole and determining the individualistic motivational factors for the workers whose performance matters the most. Performance of the employees in an organization is fundamentally controlled by their level of motivation. The higher the level of motivation, the better the performance of the employees and vice versa. Various theories of motivation have been proposed to date to help the management identify the ways in which employees can be satisfied more. These

My Sister's Keeper by Jodi Picoult Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My Sister's Keeper by Jodi Picoult - Essay Example Her novel My sister’s keepers also deal with moral, ethical and psychological consequences of situation that have a contradicting point of views. This novel was published in 2004 initially and raises many contradicting issues pertaining to genetic engineering and rights pertaining to control of minor over her body. This novel tells the story of a family whose daughter has been suffering from extremely harmful form of cancer and genetically designed other daughter is brought to the world for sake of saving her sister and help in recovery (SparkNotes, n.d.). The protagonist of the story was Anna Fitzgerald who plays a role that is argued by many. Her character is defined by her link to elder sister Kate, whose health depends upon her and her efforts for fighting for her rights as an individual and battle of getting freedom from this special link. These efforts and willingness can be seen in her chat with Campbell that how much she wanted to be a sister to Kate in all the past te n years and she couldn’t achieve that status in anyway. The tragic and sorrowful reality of Ana’s character can be seen in her efforts of getting freedom and treated as an independent person rather than being used for a purpose only, which was keeping her sister Kate alive. These contradictory thoughts complicates her character and mind by making herself guilty for thinking of getting an independent identity unrelated to her sister when she knows only she can be source of health to her sister. It forces her to think of herself as a selfish person and feeling less. All of these negative feelings lead her to engage in harmful activities that could affect her health such as smoking with Jess. Anna is shown as a helpless and disputed soul as she is willing to help her sister as well to combat this disease by donating her kidney to Kate, but the Kate is destined to die in any way later or sooner. And at the same time she is willing to be independent of this issue by filing a lawsuit against her parents that states and provides all rights of Anna on her own body and helps her in not donating her sister the Kidney. She is actually shown as fulfilling her sister’s desire as well as Kate herself wants to die because she is tired of fighting against this cruel disease. This represents the righteous side of Anna and love towards her sister. Therefore, it is the lawsuit filed by Anna that is targeted towards completing the wishes of both sisters at a time (SparkNotes, n.d.). Since Anna is a product of genetic engineering and an unwanted and undesired child in her parents life, which is solely brought to this world by her parents with the help of science for sake of keeping her sister alive. Therefore she is also shown as a point of node between science and compassion through out the story. The extent of using Anna by her parents can be seen in Sara’s in form of desires for using Ana’s body organs for the health and safety of her elder da ughter Kate only and she had never thought of Anna as a person or her own child. Therefore, it can be concluded that the character of Anna has been represented as a person who is sacrificed her life and happiness for her sister to the readers and her family. Her character is respected for her great deed, loving and devoting attitude so she can be considered as a source of light and happiness to her family. She is also shown as a joyful person who is funny and a very sympathetic person. She has not only physically helped her sister to remain healthy

Organization as a Metaphor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organization as a Metaphor - Essay Example Openness of an organization to inquiry and also self-assessment inculcates this capability in the top management to take the organization to the next level by showing creativity and innovation. When an organization displays these qualities of a brain, it transforms into a learning system that can be self-organized. This is not only very convenient for the organizational personnel, but also one of the fundamental pre-requisites for the success and growth of organizations in the contemporary age where competition is very high and organizations need competitive advantage in order to earn the trust and confidence of the stakeholders and excel in the market. Using this metaphor as a lens and analyzing the current state of the organization through this lens, it becomes apparent that the strategies of the top management controlling the organization change rapidly, and this has an effect on everybody in the hierarchy of the organizational structure from top to bottom. This has mixed effects on the organizational culture. ... ise the level of motivation of the organizational personnel as least just as much as they invest their time and effort in identifying new ways in which the organization can be changed. It must be realized that organizational personnel fundamentally play the role of wheels upon which the vehicle of organization travels, so keeping them fully functional is no less important than fueling the organization with innovative ideas. Having such a detailed in-sight into my organization with the help of the developed metaphor suggested by Morgan, I have identified several potential strengths and drawbacks of my organization, as well as a way to eradicate the drawbacks and instead, change the risks into opportunities. Change is an integral element for an organization to qualify as â€Å"a brain† and there is a wide range of literature that reveals that change is something that is not much appreciated by the organizational personnel owing to the fact that it challenges their interests and may not let the circumstances remain favorable for the attainment of their individualistic interests. Change management requires sound leadership and management skills on the part of the top management. One way in which change can be managed effectively is by identifying the collective motivation factors for the organizational workforce as a whole and determining the individualistic motivational factors for the workers whose performance matters the most. Performance of the employees in an organization is fundamentally controlled by their level of motivation. The higher the level of motivation, the better the performance of the employees and vice versa. Various theories of motivation have been proposed to date to help the management identify the ways in which employees can be satisfied more. These

Evaluating the supervisors skills in high schools in the state of Essay

Evaluating the supervisors skills in high schools in the state of Kuwait - Essay Example The educational system is, and needs to be a system that is based on an informed open door policy. This in turn is based on achieving a balance between the dimension of maintenance and adaptation, and hence is able to achieve responsible and informed stability, growth and development (Albakr, 2001). Technical supervision may be considered an important means of developing education. It not only raises the professional competency of teachers, but it also helps to ensure continuous growth. It is also important for solving problems that crop up in a teaching situation. as one of the main components in the education-learning situation, problem solving takes place when required educational experiences are provided, and information about these experiences are spread across the board, educational research is undertaken and used in organizing courses, and providing the facilities required by teachers. (Fiver and Don lab, 1997). At present, there are no legal guidelines that may be used by a court to determine whether supervisors have the skills to support teachers in Kuwaiti schools. This research study was proposed as a means of evaluating the skills of supervisors across three dimensions of teaching. These are, Methods of Teaching and Learning, Communication Skills and Tutorial Skills as defined by the ministry of education in the State of Kuwait. Silver and Kilpatrick (1994) have pointed out that the goals of educational research tend to reflect the diversity and complexity of its subjects of inquiry. At a basic level, the goal of research is to produce new knowledge and reaffirm already established units of knowledge. In a field that is still in the process of defining itself, this knowledge provides an important base for progress. This is very true of Education as a field of study. How one characterizes such progress,

Sport in Society Essay Example for Free

Sport in Society Essay In this assignment I will be introducing and explaining how sport effects the economy in the U. K and how important the sport industry is; focusing on Football and tennis. The definition of economy is: â€Å"The state of a county or region in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services and the supply of money† (Oxford dictionary) My definition of economy in sporting terms is: When I read the above definition I interpret it as; the production is the development of players both tennis and football. I also see it as the development of the club and the merchandising of all the products linked with football and tennis. I interpret consumption as the use of player, this can be the buying and selling of players in football, the amount of money that is brought in by tennis players is then put back into the development of young players. My overall understanding of economy is that clubs buy and spend the money that they gain from selling players (football). Each year the government put a certain amount of money into sport, to pay for facilities; equipment and much more. Since London won the bid to hold the 2012 Olympics the government have pumped in a lot of money into it; however the budget for the Olympics has just increased. â€Å"Culture secretary Tessa Jowell has announced an increased budget for the London 2012 games of ? 9. 3bn. The funding will now include ? 6. 75m more from the national lottery, bringing its contribution to ? 2. 2bn. The arts council England, heritage lottery fund and sports England were among groups who were disappointed at the increase. Ms Jowell said she planned to transfer 3425million from the big lottery fund and ? 250 million from other good causes after 2009. Sport England, which will lose ? 55. 9m in funding, said the decrease was a ‘real blow to community sport in England’ (BBC news). There are two types of different sporting people; professionals and amateurs. Professionals: Is an athlete that receives money for their performance, this is a set payment for the year, or however long their contract is for. In the last couple of years professional women have started getting paid the same as professional men. An example of a professional in football is David beckham who gets ? 16. 9 million a year. (Guardian 19/1/07) It was announced that â€Å"premiership footballers are to pocket a record ? 1. 1million average wage next session. † (Daily mirror, Thursday may 31st 2007). Amateurs: Is an athlete that takes part in sport out of pure passion. Amateurs get paid for winning a competition unlike a professional. An example of an amateur in tennis is Naomi Cavaday she got paid $100,000 for winning a tournament in Mumbai. (British tennis Lta) The split between professionals and amateurs happened in the Victorian period (1830- 1901) (class notes) Consumer spending: Consumer spending is a huge part to sport and advertising the club. Football is one of the biggest sellers of all time; they sell anything that you can think of. When looking on the official Liverpool F. C site, I was able to have a look at everything that you can buy for the team there is; the teams home and away kit; t-shirts/ bottoms/hoodies for men, women and babies; badges and key rings; books; flags and pennants; subscriptions; scarves; glassware; jewellery; mugs; stationary; toys and games; DVD/video/audio; footballs; caps and hats; bedroom (such as bedding, carpets, lamp shades etc); watches/clocks; bags; bathroom (towels and flannels); car accessories; pictures; baby accessories (bottles, dummies, rattles etc); gifts and misc (golf balls, dog bowl and lead, socks, phone charms, I-pod covers, and much more.) (Liverpool F. C shop. ). â€Å"For the United Kingdom as a whole in 2001, consumer spending on sport was ? 14. 98billion which represented 2. 4% of total consumer spending. † (Pch) When comparing this to consumer spending in 2006 there is a very big difference. â€Å"U. K consumers spent an estimated ? 9. 7bn on sport in 2006. This figure covers the cost of participation (including club sub-subscriptions), sports equipment, sports clothing, sports footwear and admissions to live sporting events. The ? 9. 7bn is only 1. 2% of total consumer spending. † (Market research) This consumer spending is set to rocket between 2007-2011, due to the football world cup, rugby world cup and the 2012 Olympics. Gambling: Although gambling is linked to consumer spending, as it accounts to how much each household is sending each year. There is a massive gambling market in the U. K, this accounts for mega events such as the F. A cup, the football / rugby world cup and Wimbledon. â€Å"Screen digest forecasts that U. K consumers spending online gambling will increase from the ? 660million to ? 1. 6bn in 2010. At the same time the number of active U. K clients will grow from 1. 1m in 2005 to 2. 1m in 2010. † (Screen digest. ) Sponsorship: Is a commercial deal that brings itself or a product to the attention of consumers. Advertising is the most frequent method used. It announces the availability of a product and creates a good image for a brand. It also provides information on a product, quality, characteristics, prices and performance. Sponsorship is important as not only does it give the sponsor recognition but it also provides money for the athlete and the sponsor. The Oxford mail newspaper sponsors the local boy’s league, which includes local football teams such as the Cholsey bluebirds, Didcot and Abingdon A. (Cholsey blue birds, pageys) â€Å"the total value of Premiership football shirt sponsorship[ deals is set to hit 370m a year next season, up 25% from the current season and about tenfold since the league’s inaugural season in 1992-93. † (Football economy) Andy Murray gets ? 200k in sponsorship: ?1m from David Lloyd ?1m for his left sleeve/cm2 ?250k for his racket (head) ?1m for his watch (tag hever) ?4m for his right sleeve (R. B. S)?1m for wearing Fred Perry. (Guardian Dec. 30 ’06) Private clubs: The United Kingdom’s leading health-club operators include David Lloyd, fitness first and Holmes place. (Market research) The closest David Lloyd centre is Oxford, for both tennis and football they hold regular clubs and training sessions. Tennis: world class facilities; ladder league; men’s and women’s teams; regular club nights, coaching and match play sessions. Football: on a Monday night at 7 o’clock our outdoor courts convert into excellent 5-a-side pitches for which we have weekly competitions for teams or individuals. (David Lloyd. ) Income received by participation sports activities in the private sector is ? 133 million (sport England PDF) Funding: Funding is money which is raised from various sources to help pay for new ventures such as new facilities and equipment in sport. Funding is a big part of sport, because if we didn’t have funding then we wouldn’t be able to play sports as there would be no facilities, equipment etc. â€Å"The south east receives about ? 120m in sport related grants; about ? 13 per person of this ? 106m comes from local and central government. About ? 14m is from the lottery. (Sport England 2000 PDF) Funding from the F. A is based on an 11 side team, how many teams enter the league, and is based on ? 10 per 11 aside team. The minimum grant is ? 200 and the maximum is ? 800. (The F. A) Since sport England lottery fund began in 1995, tennis has received 568 awards, totalling in excess of ? 87million towards improving tennis playing facilities in the community. (Sport England PDF). Previous funding: YearNationalCommunity 1995-1996? 0? 6,013,989 1996-1997? 0? 5,395,101 1997-1998? 0?4,441,582 1998-1999? 37,188? 12,911,549 1999-2000? 0? 30,821,126 2000-2001? 0? 4,852,807 2001-2002? 0? 14,052,789 2002-2003? 0? 8,154,732 2003-2004? 0? 2,453,348 Note: national funding is a total of Exchequer funding and the world class programme. Community funding is a total of the following programmes: Community Capital, safer sports grounds, active communities development fund, all active sports programmes, community athletics refurbishment programme, football youth development, school sport coordinators, sport action zones and awards for all. (Sport England tennis PDF) Retail and merchandising: Retail and merchandising account for everything that a household may buy each year, this can be anything from tickets, T. V fees, internet fees, the clothes industry and personal sports which go towards equipment and match fees. â€Å"In total households are estimated to have spent around ? 2. 1bn on sport related goods and services in 2000. This was some 2 ? % of total household spending. The main categories of spending are subscriptions and fees (? 560m), sportswear (? 435m) and gambling (? 375m). Only around ? 125m was spent by those in the region on admissions to spectator sports. (Sport England PDF) Media / T. V: There is a wide range of media that covers sports such as: television, radio, newspapers, magazines, adverts and much more. Sports in newspapers varies as to what paper you read, for example; in the Sunday times from May 20th 2007, there was 4 stories inside the paper about sport however also included in the paper was 32 page paper dedicated to what has gone on over the weekend, it also includes stories as to what will be happening later on in that week. In the daily mirror from June 7th 2007, there is a section on the front page about the England game against Estonia, from then on to page 59 there is nothing about sport; from page 60 which is horse racing results etc, it starts talking about sports, altogether there is 13 pages of sport in which football dominates 8 of the pages which includes the back page. There is no mention of tennis in that paper, this may be because there isn’t a tennis event happening at the moment. Along with newspapers there is also a huge amount of T. V channels that are dedicated to sports: sky sports 1 -3 sky sports news sky sports extra British Eurosports Eurosports 2 Premiership plus PPV Events 1-2 Extreme sports Manchester United TV NASN Sport At the races Racing U. K Setanta 1-2 Celtic TV Rangers TV Set golf Motors TV Chelsea TV Participation: There are so many different sports clubs to take part in, whether they are at school or at the local leisure centre each year more and more people are joining sports clubs in a bid to keep fit. â€Å"Around 863,000 people participate in organised sports clubs, which have an annual income of around ? 550 million. † (Sport England PDF) In 2005 USTA and the tennis industry association said: â€Å"24. 7m Americans are playing tennis, the most since 1992. Participation grew by 1. 1m players, up 4. 1% vs. 2004† â€Å"5. 8m new players began playing the game in 2005. † (Nrpa, tennis) In 2000 60% of males under 16 took part in football, 17% of females over 16 took part in football and 6% of all adults took part in football. (Football academy) Employment: There are so many sports related jobs in the U. K, when the class was asked how may of them worked in a sports related or non sports related job the results were: Sport related jobNon sport related jobNo-job 5101 (Table taken from class notes) There are so many different things that you can be employed for in both football and Tennis, the players themselves, officials, mangers, couches, doctors. â€Å"74,900 people are employed in sport related activities in the south east, some 2% of all employment in the region. † (Sport England PDF).