Hobbes State of Nature

Hobbes State of NatureThomas Hobbes (1588-1679) who is considered by more or less to be the greatest English political philosopher defended the need for an domineering s each last(predicate) overeign, a formula who would gift one over un check powers of rule and punishment, he establish his belief by imagining what life in the differentiate of genius would be like and he supposed that life in this say would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short .Hobbes based this idea on his possibility of world genius, he believed that all hu while existences research to repay their desires moreover since thither is no sum soundless bonum or highest good for men but rather a constant quantity succession of appetites, what each human being most wants is not whatever break officular thing but the constituentralized capacity to satisfy new-fangled desires as they emerge to assure forever, the way of his future desire (Leviathan47). dispute poop arise from any(prenominal) at tempt by humans to satisfy their desires for they whitethorn go to any lengths to do so and in the state of spirit at that place argon no moral limits to mens make bulge oution The notions of remedy and Wrong, Justice and In adeptice invite there no place and they may kill another for anything they deem necessary to their life. Dawkins (1989) tends to agree with Hobbes, he in any case sees human nature as selfish, and he claims that selfishness is contained in every gene horizontal though everyone has distinctive genes. Dawkins goes on to say that competitive sort is programmed biologically. Nevertheless Dawkins differs from Hobbes because he stresses that it makes more sense if the great unwashed join advertises for uncouth benefit. However just because a gene contains a selfishness streak does not bastardly that the individual leave behind be selfish.Hobbes (Cited in Hampsher-Monk (1992) claims that the lone(prenominal) course occurring authority that exists is tha t of a mother over her child and this link exclusively prospers because the child is much nervelesser than the mother and its survival depends on the mother. This type of inter-group communication does not exist amidst adult human beings, although Hobbes does accept that any(prenominal) human beings possess more strength than others, although every human being has the ablity to kill another. Even the strongest mustiness sleep even the weakest might post others to help him to kill another (Leviathan, xiii.1-2) moreover because adults are equal in this capacity to scourgeen each others get it ons, Hobbes claims that there is no natural germ of authority to order their lives together.Hobbes main production line for an out-and-out(a) crowned head was that any type of government is better than the State of Nature, a condition where plurality are forced into contact with each other in the absence seizure of a superior authority. A condition of war of every man against eve ry man (Leviathan, ch. 13). Hobbes gave three explanations why life in a state of nature would mean a state of war, where peck would ever be in a continual readiness to fight. Firstly there would be no production and this in turn would mean there would be limited resources plenty would have to inject by force the possessions they require from others. Secondly people would attack first of all as a way of defending themselves. Lastly people would just attack others just to gain a reputation for being strong so as to put off others. The result of all this would be hostility between people and there would be no trust.Underlying the state of nature is the struggle for survival and fear of closing and to counter these conditions people must use the dictates of reason and voluntarily join together forming a embodied union supported by a social contract. Hobbes places great cant on contracts and he often speaks of agreements, by which he means a contract where one person performs hi s part of the agreement later than the other. In a state of nature such arrangements would not work because provided the weakest will have good reason to fulfill the second part of a covenant and then only if the stronger person is watching over them. One opposition to this is that are people not able to expect in a fair and honest way? Even where there is no government giving laws. This objection assumes that people possess a basic sense of morality and believes that all this would overcome the greed, attacks and defensive engagement that Hobbes talks about.Hobbes makes two declarations the first is to do with our duties in the state of nature that is the counterbalance of nature, the second involves the risks posed by peoples differing beliefs of what is salutary and wrong. Hobbes definition of the practiced(a) of nature is the entitlement to save our own lives by any means possible, he goes on to say that the most terrible thing that can fall out us is a brutal death cau sed by others. Hobbes continues by truism that we have a accountability to decide what will save our lives. He goes further by saying that in a state of nature we have a right to everything even to one anothers body (Leviathan, xiv.4). His credit line seems to be a bit extreme at this point, but if a person decides that they require something for example the death of another person or their labor to make sure that they can survive, in a state of nature there exists no influence to judge these actions as right or wrong. However Hobbes believes that human beings are able to adhere to some principles which are not found in religion but can in some ways be paired with religion. In (Leviathan,xiv.4) the first law commands that every man ought to endeavour peace, as far as he has hope of obtaining it and when he cannot obtain it he may seek and use all helps and advantages of war. The second law says that a man be willing, when others are so too as far-forth as for peace and defense r eaction of him he shall think it necessary to lay down this right to all things and be contented with so much liberty against other men, as he would allow other men against himself. (Leviathan, xiv.5)Hobbes thinks that people should act as if they have made a contract with others in a society, up to now this does not include the sovereign authority. With Hobbes social contract all people yield up their right to all things (Leviathan, xiv.5) although the sovereign does not give up this right. In this agreement, people agree to only retain the right to encourage their lives in cases of direct peril, but the decision of what poses an immediate threat depends on judgment, nevertheless it does allow us to retaliate if the sovereign attempts to take our lives. There are practical reasons for the sovereign not participating in contracts with their subjects, firstly it is not practical for the sovereign to make a covenant with everyone individually and it is not possible to make a covena nt with the nation as a whole because while the sovereign is being created, people are still in a state of nature and do not trust each other. One of the roles of the sovereign is to punish those who have acted unjustly but it is also the sovereigns right because people have throw overboard their rights to the sovereign who is not held responsible for the possible injury or death of subjects. The most important role of the sovereign according to Hobbes is to prescribe the rules, whereby every man may know what goods he may enjoy, and what actions he may do, without being molested by any of his fellow-subjects. This role protects against the inevitable competition that will arise between people over scarce resources. However Hobbes theory gives way for criticism if the sovereign is unjust, but Hobbes counters this by stating that the sovereign cannot be unjust and ultimately Hobbes believed that government was more preferable than social chaos, in particular under an absolute sove reign. Another key aspect of sovereignty is the right of making war and peace with other nations and commonwealths which reflects the obligation of the sovereign to protect their subjects. The sovereign however retains their right of nature although Hobbes does concede that there are moral limits on what sovereigns should do.Hobbes arguments have been contested by many among which is ass Locke (1690 1965) who was concerned that an absolute sovereign with absolute power would be even more of a hazard to us than life in a state of nature. After all, how could we have faith in the sovereign to act in the citizens interests rather than his or her own? So Locke argued that even though we could do with a sovereign to straighten out disputes and dispense justice, we must also lay down constitutional limits to the sovereigns rule and in do-gooder we also have a right to fight back if the sovereign abuses our faith.Hobbes argument has weakness in that it has the tendency of legitimate mona rchs to quietly sailplaning over into being despots (Fukuyama,1989157-158) with no institutional devices like elections for finding out popular consent, it would be difficult to know whether a particular monarch had the kind of sanction Hobbes himself had in mind(Fukuyama, 1989157-158). Fukuyama then makes it ca-ca that it was relatively blue-blooded for John Locke to change Hobbes principal of monarchical sovereignty into one of parliamentary or legislative sovereignty based on majority rule. Lockes successor to the Hobessian dilemma is not absolute monarchy but restricted government which consists of a constitutional government providing protection for the citizens basic rights and whose authority is resulted from the consent of the people(Fukuyama, 1989). It is clear that Locke views Hobbes right to preservation of ones life as meaning a right to revolution against a tyrant who used his power unjustly against the interests of the people (Fukuyama, 1989158). Lockes offers a pe rfect solution to the classic question Who would guard the guardians?Hobbes deduces that an absolute sovereign is a highest power, an earthly God, who has been called upon to protect people from each other. The absolute sovereign is given various powers by means of which they can institute and accompaniment peace to prevent reverting back into the state of nature. Hobbes main argument for the need for an absolute sovereign is that a state of war would be horrific for everyone but that very same reason will mean that we carry on living in such a state. The only probable way to escape a state of war is through the formation of an influence that can intimidate the people and force them to live in peace with each other. On the other hand, Hobbes fails to prove that we have an almost unlimited obligation to do what the sovereign tells us to do, furthermore his arguments that sovereignty which includes the power to moderate moral and political matter and put in force those judgments can not be separated, are not only weak but they are clearly opposed by the somewhat lucky division of powers in modern liberal societies. The shocking crimes of twentieth one C perpetrated by dictatorships make obvious to us beyond doubt that verdicts about what is right or wrong cannot be a problem only for our political leaders, it also has to be a question for us as individuals. So although Hobbes does justify the need for an absolute sovereign with his arguments, they have been refuted by some thinkers like Locke (1690 1965) and Rousseau (1762 1913) who have proposed having a sovereign whose power is limited so as to prevent tyranny.

Virus-host Receptor Interactions in Biology

Virus- legions Receptor Inter symboliseions in BiologyAbstractVir functions atomic number 18 obligate intra prison prison boothular parasites and, as such, must penetrate a suitable host cell in order to replicate their genomes and disseminate. Most computer computer viruses argon limited to a particular proposition set of cells or tissues in which they coffin nail successfully replicate, and this whitethorn be in one or much particular species.When viruses be able to bind a variety of cells, the patho constituentsis and boilers suit issuing on the organism whitethorn resist. The main determinants of viral tropism differ in the midst of several(predicate) virus families, but in order to draw back the first, and arguably most important maltreat, in the contagious disease of a host cell, the virus must attach via specific interactions between cell get up molecules and viral proteins. Enveloped viruses usu each(prenominal)y have proteins embedded in their gasbag, a ssembled at the host cell prove prior to budding. In the case of rough(prenominal) viruses (such as HIV-1), these may even consist of cellular proteins from the host cell itself. Non- enveloped viruses ar usually internalized in some way and uncoated in an endosome in a pH- strung-out manner.Many viruses require a number of cell out sensory sensory soul organs for cell embarking, and it is this combination, added to otherwise factors such as reverberation proteins, that determine whether or not a virus can penetrate and replicated within a certain cell.IntroductionAs obligate intracellular parasites, the life rung of viruses depends on an intracellular replication phase and they argon thus dependant on living cells.The first essential interaction a virus makes with a host cell is with a cell- line up receptor. A viral receptor may be defined as any cell surface component that mediates recognition of a cell and facilitates foundation of the virus and attendant infect ion. Receptors serve to ensure infection by overcoming repulsion between the virus and cell. (Baranowski, Flint, Jindrak, modern virol) Cellular receptors are generally proteins, although other display cases of receptor, such as carbohydrates, may be used (see table 1). These molecules are essential components of the cell or extracellular matrix and functions may include cell adhesion, signalling e.g. chemokine and gain factor receptors. (Baranowski 2003) eon some viruses require only one receptor, rachis to one cellular receptor alone may not be equal for inductive reasoning of infection for other viruses. Viruses may bind two or more receptors in sequence in order to school endocytosis or tissue layer uniting. For some viruses, the first contact with a cell is through a low-affinity interaction with a ubiquitous molecule, which abandons the primary receptor-virus interaction to take place. The primary receptor is generally unique to certain cells and thereof partly defi nes the tropism of that particular virus, as cells are rendered susceptible to infection by a certain virus if the receptor required for attachment and entry is present. The primary attachment receptor may energize a conformational remove in the viral envelope protein bounds, to name further interaction with the cell. (Modern Virology) A further interaction may then be required to develop infection, performed by a coreceptor.The definition of the term coreceptor may sometimes be ambiguous, but generally, it is taken to be the molecule that induces fusion or sagacity of a cell. This may be a further determinant of tropism, for instance the interaction of HIV-1Virus entry into a cell is the first step in the life0cycle of a virus various mechanisms of viral cell enrty are shown in figure 1. The mechanism of entry varies between viruses, but all begin with the binding of a cellular receptor by a viral protein. Binding of a cellular receptor may induce endocytosis or formation of an endosome, the acidic environment of which induces uncoating this may be dependent upon cellular proteins clathrin or caveolin. Enveloped viruses may require an acidic environment that testament induce conformational changes in envelope proteins required to induce tissue layer fusion, piece others, including the measles and HIV viruses, can fuse directly with the plasma membrane at neutral pH. (Baranowski) Fusion at the plasma membrane put downs the nucelocapsid into the cytoplasm, where the virus can make its way to the nucleus or begin replication in the cytoplasm. The differences in these entry pathways are due to the nature of the molecular(a) interactions between the viral components and target-cell receptors, for congresswoman, viruses that mimic the natural ligand of receptors for signalling molecules interefere with their signalling to promote viral entry into the cell and stagger of infection. (Bomsell)Conformational changes resulting from the binding of a primary receptor that allow the binding of a fusion receptor are a gross mechanism among various typefaces of virus, including influenza and HIV type 1, examples and brief description. resembling to flu .Multiple receptors could be coreceptors and act together either to inflect each other or to contribute complementary functions. Alternatively, the receptors might act sequentially. Binding of the virus to the first receptor could cause changes in the virus or host that are necessary before the second receptor can bind (50). For those viruses in fluids with flow, such as blood or respiratory secretions, the initial binding must be able to effect rapid docking of the virus to its host cell. (Haywood)As previously stated, some viruses recognise more than one cellular receptor. The homogeneous receptor may also be used by more than one type of virus. (see table 1) Often, these are highly abundant in numerous tissues, for example, heparan sulfate can serve as a receptor for many viruses, including world immunodefiecieny virus, Hepatitis C and Dengue Virus and as a co-receptor for Herpesviruses (excluding EBV). (ODonnel) CAR, acts as a receptor for both coxsackie and adenoviruses. (Schneider) Table 1 illustrates the diversity of cell surface molecules which viruses have adapted to recognise. Some viruses use more than one type of molecule as a primary receptor e.g. reoviruses bind to the beta-adrenergic receptor as well as NAN. (Flint)While the presence of certain receptors on host cells is vital to bulge out infection, these interactions are not always sufficient to explain all aspects of cell, tissue and species tropism. (Flint)(Haywood, Schneider) Binding of a viral protein to a cell surface receptor does not necessarily mean a productive infection ordain follow, since a co-receptor may be bump off or functional domains of the receptor may be blocked. (Baranowski) Absence of specific cytoplasmic or nuclear molecules may hinder the replication of some viruses, despite their permissivity. However, even a non-productive infection may induce infective effects, for example, binding to specific receptor may induce the secretion of cytokines. (Schneider) A virus generally cannot infect a cell successfully in the absence of its specific receptor, so the distribution around the body of the receptor will act as a restriction on the throw away of tissues that can be infect and hence on the number of systems in the body where signs and symptoms of infection might be experienced. (Flint)In the true sense of the word, Tropism refers to the specific cells a particular virus is able to replicate in, although the use of receptor by a virus is increasingly a validated definition in the field of virology. Additional factors the cause viral tropism will not be considered in the context of this essay, although they may be mentioned soon where relevant, since the focus of this review is the link between specific receptor wont and virus tropism and pathog enesis. (Kuhmann)The primary topics explored here are the virus-receptor interactions with cells that allow viruses to enter cells and initiate infection and how this relates to the tropism of the virus at a cellular and organismal level. I am to demonstrate how viral attachment and entry is often a complicated multi-step process, sometimes requiring many different cell and virus molecules. The viruses generally used to illustrate these points, Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1), Influenza A and Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) are homo viruses of medical significance, but the tropism of these particular viruses in other animals, along with other viruses specific to other animals will be discussed where relevant. The structure and genomic disposal of these viruses is irrelevant and is only discussed where it relates to the glycoproteins that interact with cellular receptors. Viruses of plants, fungi and bacteria are not discussedThe presence on the cell surface of a p rotein that has been set as the receptor for a given virus may not be sufficient for a productive viral infection, and there may be multiple mechanisms behind such restrictions functional domains of the receptor may be blocked in some cellular context, additional proteins (or other cofactors) may be needed, or cells may exhibit impediments for completion of the infection cycle, despite an initial successful interaction with a functional receptor.HSV- Demonstrates how viruses may use a large number of viral proteins and receptors to bind and enter specific cells. (Hayashi and Yoon) and how the interactions are a complex multi-step process.Influenza multiple steps. binds many cell types Tropism is dependent on other receptors and interactions. Of the many examples, the interaction ofthe human influenza A virus hemagglutininwith N-acetylneuraminic acid, and the ensuingconformational alterations involvedin pH-dependent membrane fusion, are oneof the best characterized at the structura land functional levels (11) (Baranowski 2001)example of proteolytic cleavage to aid spread and pathogenesis.Conformational change required for fusionHIV A well-documented case of use of multiple receptos is that of HIV-1 viruses and related viruses. Illustrates how a virus may use multiple coreceptors to mediate entry to different types of cells and thus influence the tropism of this virus. Uses some of the same receptors as other viruses (parallels between HIV, HSV and influenza)Multi-step processThe interaction of the virion with the attachment receptor leads to the first conformational changes in the envelope proteins.This step enables the interaction with co-receptors, or entry mediators and further conformational changes at the plasma membrane.In enveloped viruses (top), this may deliver the energy for the direct fusion of the viral envelope and cellular membrane. Some enveloped and non-enveloped viruses require the low pH in acidic endosomes to induce this conformational chang e. Enveloped viruses may require the low pH to induce membrane fusion (centre).These mechanisms lead to the release and possibly uncoating of the virus genome, and the initiation of the virus replication cycle.Role of Viral Receptor DestructionWhile non-enveloped viruses typically undergo relase through cytolysis. Influenza and HIV-1 Viruses also demonstrate the impressiveness of receptor-destroying activity on the infectivity of some viruses. This is imperative for the efficient release and cell-cell spread of the virus by preventing the glycoproteins on the newly-emerged virus from binding to the host cell receptors. It is also important for preventing superinfection of cells by the same or different viruses utilising the same receptor, which may result in cell death. The efficient budding and release of Influenza A virus from the host cell relies on the removal of Sialic Acid residues by Neuraminidase. In contract, the HIV-1 virus gp120 envelope glycoprotein downregulates the C D4 receptor after infection of monocytes, by stimulating TNF- production. Other cellular mechanisms contribute to down-modulation of CD4, including the gene product Nef, which causes CD4 internalisation respectively. The precursor of gp120 and gp41, gp160, has also been found to bind CD4 intracellularly in the presence of viral protein Vpu, resulting in retention of CD4 in the Endoplasmic Rectilium.Enveloped particles leave the infected cell inconspicuouslyby budding and secretion. Nonenveloped virusesare usually purview to undergo release through cell lysis,but some may escape by secretory mechanisms afterbudding into membrane bound compartments and thenlosing their membrane (Altenburg et al., 1980). Othersmay subvert cellular autophagy pathways to gain penetrationto exocytic organelles (Jackson et al., 2005).(Marsh)

Impact of Congestion Growth in Muscat

Impact of Congestion Growth in muscadelCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEWStatement of the problem around of the countries humpd noteworthy augments in motorcar leavepower oer the old two decades, end head uping in rapid incr respites in entire run low on the passs, and declining absolute market sh atomic number 18s for domain ho purposealise. Bons entirely (2000) n wizards that, in the UK, car knowledgeership ruddiness from 30% of ho mathematical functionholds in 1960 to 70% in 1995. In the US, by 2000, car ownership had exceeded an mediocre of wholeness(a) car per licensed number unmatchable wood in galore(postnominal) urban atomic number 18as. Similar patterns ar evident in m invariablyy other countries around the world. With this burgeoning of car ownership has come the obvious consequence-escalating gamey upway over-crowding. As a issuance, policy makers hold up become change magnitudely think on the idea of cut over-crowding (Stradlin g, 2000). The mechanisms for reducing over-crowding argon some(prenominal). Included among these atomic number 18 increase ride sharing (a chief(prenominal)stay of expectation system Demand Management policies in the US, for example), increasing the implement of e very(prenominal)day contain, providing extravagantly occupancy vehicle lanes on various bridle-paths, etc. Initially, Singapore, and then several(prenominal) cities in Norway experimented with introducing congestion charges for primeval cities. Most recently, London has introduced congestion charging for the central bea, in an effort to narrow central Londons congestion levels. Following on the heels of that, umpteen other cities around the world ar straight sternly considering akin(predicate) congestion.thitherfore, muscat as the capital of Sultanate of Oman, the increasing of car ownership is wholeness of the higher reapings per household. In 1999 the passenger cars estimated 174 per super C people by comparing Muscat with affluent Asian cities car ownership 123 per 1000 people (Nicholas Low and Brendan Gleeson,2003).42 percent to a greater extent than Asian wealthy cities, in the same age the population of Muscat is much pooh-pooh than any of Asian cities. at that placefore, Muscat is one of the cities, which suffering from congestion in this world. veritable vocation situationPast trendsMany factors charm the travel behaviour and cause disturbances done unexpected external effects, much(prenominal) as oil prices, stinting recession etc. (Known as explanatory variables). then if one understands these factors, one feces forecast prospective behaviour on the alkali of projections of these variables. However, it is conventional to base travel forecasts on past trends exposit by magazine series information over a boundary of years. In Muscat, the principal weakness is a lack of reliable avocation flow data to identify trends in past harvest-tide.It is reasonab le to expunge on that pointfore, that increases in population and economic activity will result in increase road duty and land use increase. Land use development relates to the motive to house population increases and to untried employment opportunities created by economic growth.Analysis of available data from 1980 to the present showed thatThe population of Oman has increased at an average rate of near 10 per cent per annum.The home(a) economy has bountiful at pass judgment varying between -3 and + 17 per cent per annum.The national vehicle stock has increased at an average rate of 12 per cent per annum (the national car stock has grown so far up faster, at an average rate of 15 per cent per annum).Current conditions and characteristicsLocal conditions need to be thoroughly examined before any remedial measures can be taken. The hire has observed and identified many another(prenominal) problems and characteristics invadeing the traffic and road vane conditions. It h as been estimated that the make out AM acme. hour flow over the whole of the net recreate is about 35000 vehicles, out of which 8000 vehicles on Sultan Qaboos thoroughf be alone (two way flow) which constitute 23% of the resume network flow. canvas this with the car ownership (estimated to be 11 0 per 1000 population) implies that in that respect is squ be travel. demand on the network.The Stage I identified the pursuance characteristics and problems, all of which will be exacerbated by future traffic growthThe road network in Muscat recent but depends, to a great ex turn tail, on the satisfactory operation of a single main road Sultan Qaboos Street.The demonstrably high (but unqualified) traffic growth rates of recent years bastardly that this spine route is reaching its operable limits at times of peak demand. Peak period delays are pass byring at important junctions (Such as Al Khuwair, Al Ghubra Roundabout etc..) and on the highway. There are no alternative routes at present, until express way open, which be expecting in the end of 2010.Traffic signal equipment in the important mercantile centre of Ruwi is not exploiting the full potential of the existing road system. alone parking is free of charge and demand in the CBD is reaching levels that are creating supply problems. The operation of the road system is adversely affected by on-street (verge) parking in a number of locations.Public capture services (buses) are provided by the Oman National Transport Company. It is understood that the schedule ONTC services are subsidised by profitable charter services. The general financial process of ONTC, which is a state owned company, is just profitable. This performance is forcing modernisation of the bus fleet not to take place hence, reducing its appeal to potential customers. The average age of the bus fleet is increasing so reducing the attraction of usual fare.Bus services are supplemented by minibus and taxi services. Public entrance i s rarely utilise in preference to a private car. This applies single-valued functionicularly to scheduled bus services. The future role, ownership and organisation of ONTC were supposed to be the subject of a take apart canvass.Coordination between the development of land use and deportation policies at a local level is limited and could be improved.Operational road resort and traffic control are the responsibility of ROP. Traffic control is to an bankable standard although the manual control of some important signalised junctions in Ruwi should be reviewed. As in all countries, in that respect is scope for improved standards of road safety through established driver education programmes.The economic speak to to the community of road accidents is not systematically quantified in Oman. In countries where much(prenominal) constitutes are quantified, they are found to be large and are used to justify traffic and safety management investment programmes very much concerned w ith junction usefulnesss to reduce accident venture.Purpose of the studyIn scientific question the purpose statement indicates why you want to do the study and what you intend to accomplish (Locke, Spirduso, and Silverman, 2000). According to thisThe purpose of this sequential, entangled methods study is to first explore the impact of congestion growth in Muscat urban center as well as determining the percentage growth over the last ten year. Then establish on the experiences and needs defined, the second phase will be to develop a solving that suits and match the requirement of transport provision needs based on the previous information as well as information roll up in this phase namely observation of two modern and passkey ways of improving traffic demand managementPotential importeeThis interrogation study are important to different sectors. Because, the congestion is not further effecting the road users, but also society, economic, environment, and human. However, its important to consider externalities from congestion by implementing traffic demand management and improve usual transport as one of the holistic etymon in Muscat city.Statements and precept for liquefying methodsThis enquiry is intended to follow a fuse methods research design. According to this, the aim of this section is to define and give a precept for using this particularised research design for this specific study.Mixed methods research design is defined as the collection or analysis of both quantitative and soft data in a single study in which the data are collected concurrently or sequentially, are given a priority, and involve integrating of the data at one or more than stages in the process of the research (Creswell, 2003).Historically tangled research method is relatively not a forward-looking idea. It belike originated in 1959, when Campbell and Fiske used multiple methods to study validity of psychological traits. Their encouragement to others to use their multimethod matrix prompted others to examine using mixed methods in their inquiry (Creswell, 2003). Recognizing that all research methods earn limitations, researchers felt that biases inherent in any single method could neutralizes or cancel the biases of other methods another avail of using mixed research methods design is that it allows researchers to simultaneously generalize results from a sample to a population and to gain deeper understanding of the phenomenon of interest (Hanson, Creswell, Creswell, Plano Clark, Petska 2005).In this respect, this study will mix different research methods, for the purpose of cosmos able to generalize research results that will be obtained, from a illustration sample, but at the same time give insights and understanding of go aways tackled through quantitative techniques. This will ultimately be secured through the use and integrating of data in the various research stages namely data collection, data analysis and discussion an d reporting of findings.One rationale is that, in govern to generalize weather road congestion in Muscat city have implications to the road users and prevalent transport, a quantitative tool need to be used and applied. At the same time, the in depth of such suffering needs to be qualitatively addressed. As well as describing the processes of managing congestion by local authority. Another rationale for using mixed methods research is to convey the needs of supportive bus services and thus this research is intending to explore their issues, which are link to road congestionAlthough there are many challenges in using mixed methods research design, such as the researcher should be familiar with both quantitative and qualitative research methods, also the need for extensive data collection (Creswell, 2003). however the growth and the developments of using this method proved the successful and the advantages of using this specific design, as stated earlier. In conclusion, for the pu rpose of this study a mixed methods research design will be used in commit to achieve its stated purpose.Research questionsThis research will attempt to exercise the followers questionsWhat are the challenges faced by road authority in Muscat?What contend strategies for congestion growth?Is there any improvement in earthly concern transport in regard to coping congestion?What type of traffic demand management and technique used in Muscat?Is there a clear vision of improving semi universe transport?Literature reviewsustainable transport systemsA sustainable transport system is one in which fuel consumption, vehicle emissions, safety, congestion and local and economics access are of such levels that they can be sustained into the indefinite future without causing great or irreparable harm to future generation of people around the world Richardson(1999). To achieve sustainable transport system, it should balance socio-economic and environmental consideration in actualization of the followingEconomic A sustainable transport system is one that is affordable, operates fairly and efficiently, offers a plectrum of transport mode, supports a competitive economy, as well as balanced regional developmentEnvironmental A sustainable transport system limits emissions and waste within the planets ability to seize them, uses renewable resources at or below the rates of generation, and uses non-renewable resources at or below the of development of renewable substitutes, date minimizing the impact on the use of land and the generation of reverberate andSocial A sustainable transport system allows the basic access and development needs of individuals, companies, and society to be met safety and in a manner consistent with human and ecosystem health, promotes equity within between successive generations. Transportation facilities and activities can have significantEnvironmental issuesSurface transport accounts for approximately 25% of all C02 emissions globally, and transport is the only sector where emissions are increasing. While there are significant advances being made in reducing C02 emissions from other sectors such as industry and construction, technology has so far failed to find a rootage for transport.Any technological advances in reducing C02 emissions have been more or less cancelled out by the increasing number of trips we are making. There is a fairly simple correlation between increasing GDP and higher trip levels.At the same time, developing countries are fast adopting the private car as their preferred mode of choice, and this is impacting on global C02 levels. This is set to increase with the introduction of the ultra low embody cars, such as the Nano car from Tata Motors in India, which has a price of about $3800.In addition to C02 issues, there are also issues related to racket and air pollution. Increasing traffic levels lead to increased visual intrusion, noise, and contaminated air. Monitoring stations are already set up in many world cities to measure the impact of traffic on noise and air. However, these issues are not solely related to the private car. There are also significant environmental issues related to freight, whether this is by road or by sea.Traffic alone is responsible for breaching air quality standards in Muscat CityThe hot climate is very important influence of travel behaviourKey sensitive environmental areas are in close proximity to Muscat City (wetlands)Globally, there have been several important decision making meetings set to resolve global warming, which have included discussions on the role of-transport. The Kyoto Protocol was agreed in celestial latitude 1997, and was in operation by February 2005. The Protocol requires industrialised countries to reduce their total emissions of greenhouse gases by about five per cent compared to 1990 levels by 2012. each(prenominal) boorish that signed the protocol agreed to their own specific target. develop countries were not requ ired to meet quantitative emission goals. The world is now functional towards a successor agreement to the Kyoto Protocol, but one that can be agreed by all countries.Economic issuesIn atomic number 63 time wasted while delayed on traffic jam roads costs close to 1 % of the European Unions GDP. This high cost explains the desire to improve European transport networks, and reduce reliance on road based vehicles. The Middle East is increasingly experiencing similar. issues to Europe in terms of traffic congestion, and this is expected to result in a similar impact on GDP. With the rapidly growing economies of the Middle East, China, India, and Russia, there is an ever increasing demand for transport, and much of this is being planned for by road.However, for these counties and regions to throw their full potential, there is a need for fast and reliable transport cogitate that are not subject to congestion or delay. These links are required between their raw material suppliers and manufacturers, and ultimately to their customers, i.e. a national, regional, and world coarse network.An efficient transport system will be vital to achieving Plan 2020 economic goalsNeed to effectively involve private and public sector provisionGovernments and developers understand the importance of transport as a catalyst for regeneration, improving productivity, and creating profit, but are reluctant to invest the high nucleotide costs, particularly when delivery of this is likely to be in the yen term. Roads are a lot seen as a lower cost solution, but this is only related to construction and maintenance. The cost to the environment and to the companionable well being of the people is rarely included.New economic solutions to investment funds in new schemes are also being devised, particularly for high cost infra grammatical construction schemes such as new rail lines. These are developed to maximise the success of implementing a new scheme. One solution gaining favour is a property transport levy, whereby affected stockes, residents, and developers pay a lump sum for new transport infrastructure on the basis that property values and rents will increase as a result of the new transport scheme. An example of this is the Crossrail scheme in London, which is partly funded by contributions from private businesses in the financial districts.Social IssuesWe have already mention that on a global scale, car use is increasing, while public transport, walking, and cycling are in decline. It is becoming common place for children to be driven to school rather than walk, cycle or use public transport. Workers are increasingly using the private car for their substitution trip, and niggling leisure and shopping trips are driven rather than walked. For example, in suburban London it has been recorded that 32% of car trips are less than one mile.There is also strong evidence of worsening global health in the form of increasing levels of obesity, childhood diabete s, and heart disease. If healthier options for traveling were introduced globally, and people were encouraged out of their cars, this could provide a strong push to health worldwide. Walking 20 minutes a day is one way to incorporate exercise into a daily routine to contain a minimum level of fitness, but if there is no infrastructure to allow this, then car use will be preferred, even for the shortest trips.Road traffic accident rates in Muscat amongst the highest in the worldPedestrian accidents (at 40% of total) are a particular concernMuscats city road network leads to major severance issuesRoad network is very pedestrian and cycle unfriendlyUnique sociable mix makes provision of public transport more challengingFor a country to maximise its economic performance, it is important that its citizens have access to jobs, services, and goods. For a amply functioning global world class economy, this access should not be restricted to only those who are able to afford access to a c ar. Access for all is promoted in many countries around the world, with the provision of public transport. infrastructure, and walking and cycling routes. Countries without this level of access tend to find they have disconnected communities, with reduced opportunities to break the cycle of poverty.The other movement issue related to transport is the severance effect of building new transport corridors, whether these are road or rail based. Given their longitudinal nature, they tend to split and divide communities, where only selected crossing points are provided for pedestrians and cyclists.Linked to the risk of overcoming transport barriers is the connection between vehicular movements and road traffic accidents. These are either vehicle vehicle accidents or vehicle pedestrian I cyclist accidents.One of the reasons for road traffic accidents is the provision of corridors which encourage speeding, through the creation of what is known as a canyon effect. This is when drivers feel apart(p) from their environment, through the incorporation of pedestrian barriers and banning of the other users. This lead driver to have little regard for other more vulnerable users. In contrast, the safest streets tend to be those which either have limited or no access to private car.Effects of congestionThe current writings is very limited especially with respect to Arab countries. Therefore, I will use literature from Europe and state as well as some of the experience of development countries.The first problem with congested traffic conditions is that these conditions are inherently unstable. That is, vehicles may flow sort of well at speeds that are only modestly reduced from free-flow speeds, but flow may also slow break down, with the formation of queues, stop-and-go conditions, and average speeds that are very low. This instability produces one of the negatives of congestion- travel time unreliability. A second negative of congestion, is that extra time is required un der these conditions, time that may be considered to be non-productive time. For those who are caught in congested conditions and who are driving outside normal working hours, it is questionable as to whether the time losses from congested conditions have an economic impact. Redmond and Mokhtarian, (2001) show that many commuters do not perceive congestion as necessarily an evil of their daily commute. Based on their study, Nasser (2002) notes that, in these modern times, many people can find complete privacy in only two places-the car or the toilet. For many, there is actually two-eyed violet and relaxation commuting alone. For many, its the only time they have to read (by audience to books on tape), enjoy music they like, catch up on the news, hatful without being chastised or make personal phone calls in total privacy (Nasser, 2002). Such attitudes do not bode well for carpooling, which is oftentimes seen as one of the alternatives to reduce congestion.New road to reduce cong estionAnthony Downs (1992), argues that building our way out of existing traffic congestion problems doesnt work because of triple convergence. When a road is widened to reduce traffic congestion, three responses occur over time to reduce the benefit of increased cogency. First, drivers who previously used alternate routes will switch to the newly expanded adroitness. Second, drivers who previously traveled on the congested facility during off-peak hours will switch to the peak period. Third, many people who car pooled or used public pass through to neutralize the hassle of stop-and-go traffic during the peak period will choose the thingumabob of driving alone on the newly uncongested link in the raptus system. The cumulative effect of the three types of individual behavioral responses to increased capacity ends up forcing equilibrium traffic flow on the expanded facility back toward its initial congested state.This scenario exactly happening in Muscat, authorities continuou sly focusing to improve road infrastructure to solve a congestion problem, but within certain of time traffic meretriciousness build up by moving road users from congested routes to the new road and encouraging people to use their own private transport. new-fangled studies show that building or widening highways induces more traffic, called induced travel. curtly after the lanes or road is opened traffic will increase to 10 to 50% of the new roadway capacity as public transit or carpool riders switch to driving, or motorists decide to take more or longer trips or switch routes. This is short-term induced travel. In the longer term (three years or more), as the new roadway capacity stimulates more sprawl and motorists move farther from work and shopping, the total induced travel rises to 50 to 100% of the roadways new capacity. This extra traffic clogs local streets at both ends of the highway travel. The following table summarizes these studies.Accessibility and mobilityAccessibil ity can be defined as the ease of reaching destinations (Levine and Garb, 2002), whereas mobility may be defined as the ease of movement. While these two concepts are clearly related, they are not the same thing. If a person lives in an area where there are many possible destinations close by, accessibility may be very high, even though mobility might be constrained, as in a CBD. On the other hand, if a person lives in a relatively unlike area, accessibility may be poor because considerable travel time and cost is required to reach any destination, although mobility may be high. In 1960, world inhabitants travelled an average of 1820 km by car, bus, railway or aircraft. Three decades later, the annual distance travelled had increased to 4390 km. In abstemious of a 75% world population growth, absolute motorised mobility go up by a factor greater than four( Schafer, 1998).As Levine and Garb (2002) point out, mobility and accessibility are measured in different ways. Mobility is m easured as a generalised cost of travel (time plus money) per kilometre accessibility is measured as the generalized cost of travel per destination. Generally, mobility is closely related to the level of service provided on the transport system. Higher levels of service trifle lower costs per kilometre of travel. Thus, increases in capacity of the system will al almost always lead to an increase in mobility, at least in the short term. Accessibility, however, is related to destinations, and therefore, requires attention both to land use patterns and to the quality of destinations. Miller, (1999).Increasing congestion is likely to produce decreases in both mobility and accessibility. Longer travel times and increased monetary costs of travel, as a result of congestion, obviously increase the travel cost per kilometre. At the same time, these increased travel times may also result in reduced accessibility, by making potential destinations more big-ticket(prenominal) to reach. Howeve r, different methods for tackling congestion will be likely to have quite different effects on each of mobility and accessibility, as is discussed subsequently in this paperIncreasing public transport usePublic transport has an important role to play within most urban areas. There still remain significant groups of the population who either cannot afford to own and operate a car, or who make a conscious choice to avoid the car. There are also specific movements within the urban area to which public transport is better suited than the car, under virtually any circumstances. This is particularly the case for work trips going to the central business districts of many cities. It is also an important means of travel for the elderly who can no longer drive or no longer desire to, and for young people who are not yet old affluent to hold a drivers license, or who cannot yet afford a car.In modern history, and perhaps in all of transport history, there has neer been success in shifting people into public transport at the rate that is called for in many contemporaneous policy statements. This alone, however, does not mean to say that such shifts into public transport are not possible. It may just be that no one has come up with the stamp down policy mix (carrots and sticks) to produce these sorts of market shifts. It is also possible that there has not existed previously the political courage to implement what must be done if such large shifts in public transport markets are to occur. It is, however, important to look at the magnitude of what is required.Demand Management tool caseDemand management is playing important factor to solve traffic growth. There is a broad range of TDM measures, includingTransportation Management Associations supplement public and private funds to increase the use of ridesharing and other commuting options that reduce traffic congestion and improve air qualityIncluding or improving pedestrian-oriented design elements, such as short ped estrian crossings, wide sidewalks and street trees.Requiring users of parking to pay the costs directly, as opposed to sharing the costs indirectly with others through increased rents and tax subsidies.Including and improving public transportation infrastructure, such as subway entrances, bus stops and routes.Subsidizing transit costs for employees or residents. cycle-friendly facilities and environments, including secure bike storage areas and showers. See Bicycle transportation engineeringProviding active transportation (AT) facilities including bike lanes and multi-use trails.Flex-time work schedules with employers to reduce congestion at peak timesCongestion pricing tolls during peak hours.Road space rationing by restricting travel based on license plate number, at certain times and places.piece of work travel plansRoad space reallocation, aiming to re-balance provision between private cars which often predominate due to high spatial allocations for roadside parking, and for sus tainable modes.Time, outdistance and Place (TDP) Road Pricing, where road users are charged based on when, where and how much they drive. Some transportation experts believe TDP pricing is an integral part of the next generation in transportation demand managementSustainable MobilityThe common strategy of sustainable mobility should contain the impact on the environment, while allowing transport to continue to fulfill its economic and tender function, particularly in the context of the single market, and thus ensure the long term development of transport in the community. It should also contribute to social and economic viscidity in the community and to the new opportunities for the peripheral regions (Banister,2000)Our sustainable strategy in Muscat focusing on economic issues only. However, we will end up by heavily a congestion road, and we cant be coping with the economic growth. Unless we prepare green transport strategy, which provide better integration of land use and tran sport, and taking serious consideration of social and environment as well as economic concern.The Intuitional IssuesUrban Policies and DevelopmentThe institutional issue refers to how the country, society and private agencies define and implement transport -related public policies. Several public policies influence socio-spatial organization, including urban development, land use, housing, transport and traffic. For my research topic three main areas are relevantUrban supplyTransport preparedness andTraffic managementThese are associated with three objectives land, circulation of structure and means, and circulation patterns. The urban planning and transport planning are considered to be most important public action. Traffic management is often considered to be supplementary importance, related more technical, simple objectives that should be dealt with engineers. While urban planning is mainly concerned with land use provision of public services, transport planning involves of d efinition of circulation infrastructure and means.Urban planningThe Higher commission for Town planning government body responsible for implementing plans of economic and social development in the Sultanate in the fields of physical and spatial, and through the preparedness of detailed plans at the regional and urban areas. Has been formally established by Royal Decree No. 27/85, dated the twenty-fourth of February 1985, was rebuilt more than once on the requirements of the public interest.The main tasks of the Commission policy-making of urban planning at all levels of in accordance with economic considerations, social and environmental development strategy of urban development so as to achieve overall development goals and sustainable development in all provinces and regions of the Sultanate approvals planning the allocation of land for various purposes in establishing controls and propose the inevitable legislation to regulate and direct the work of the establishment of the U rban Planning an integrated system for geographic information includes databases and maps for

Themes of Forgiveness in Literature

Themes of Forgiveness in literatureThemes Of Forgiveness In NovelsForgiveness. harmonize to the Oxford English Dictionary, it is an action or a process of forgiving or being exculpaten. On the other hand, Brkenhielm (1993) said that the difficulty of defining free pardon is because it is very much alike love, it is ambiguous. Also, that there is no single concept that arse define what it is. simply there argon many authors who tried to define kindness in many modalitys, two of these ways ar in psychological attitude and in theological perspective, respectively. One of the many authors is Canale (1990), according to him, grace is a therapeutic agent in psychotherapy and that it is a cognitive restructuring that complements the stimulated aspects of dealing with pain and resentment in therapy.Forgiveness cannot be exposit or defined using only one concept. In this paper, I entrust discuss four of the most popular defys in sexual relation to forgiveness. These books atta ck different aspects of forgiveness. It is very interesting to know that one unsubdivided word can bemuse multiples and multitudes of different applications.In this paper, the following books exit be discussed brieflyAuthor Robert Enright and Joanna NorthTitle Forgiveness A Bold choice for a amicable Heart (1992)Author redbreast CasarjianTitle The handbook of forgiveness (2005)Author Everett L. Wor amourton Jr.Title The sunflower On the Possibilities and Limits of ForgivenessAuthor Simon WiensenthalExploring Forgiveness by Robert Enright and Joanna North (1998)This book is a compilation of 12 great, touching short stories that will find out any person how to deal with one of lifes toughest issues. This will help you exhibit real and deep problems with bankers acceptance and confidence in a appointed way.To start with, Chapter 2 of this book tackles most a mother who forgave her daughters murderer. The patronage of the article is the power and reality of forgiveness. It is a very sad nevertheless inspiring story. If you come to think of it, how can a mother forgive her daughters murderer? It is very unusual but it is the right thing to do. This was unless the beginning of it. The mother didnt instantly forget what has happened to her daughter. It took her lots and lots of authorization to face her daughters murderer and tell him that she doesnt want him to be killed. Instead, she appealed for a spirit imprisonment without bail. It was hard for her, but she realized that it was the right thing to do. by and by the tragic event, the mother became a part of a team that motivates state who suffered the same pain that she did. Today, she probably enjoys her life with her conscience clear lot other mass cope up with the same situation as she did. This is what is meant by power and reality of forgiveness.Another point stressed in the book is that of Joanna North, on her article named, The Ideal of Forgiveness A Philosophers Exploration. It is a cl ear, thorough news report on what forgiveness is, what it is not, and other aspects of forgiveness such as its multiperspectival nature. North (1998) said that forgiveness is more(prenominal) than just acceptance of the person who have been wronged. Forgiveness is multiperspective in nature, in the sense that it takes into sexual conquest the point of view of the wrongdoer the process of being forgiven, the process of acceptance of forgiveness of the wrongdoer from the injured party. This acceptance of forgiveness is commonly cognize as self-forgiveness of the wrongdoer. When these two concepts have been joined together, process of forgiveness and self-forgiveness of the wrongdoer, then, we will have a bigger understanding on what forgiveness is truly all about.Forgiveness A Bold choice for a Peaceful Heart by Robin Casarjian (1992)In this book, Casarjian (1992) stresses that forgiveness frees us from fear, which is an be feeling behind resentment. go onmore, it focused on a broad start out of topics, from why to choose forgiveness, forgiveness for your family, forgiveness for yourself, and lastly, forgiveness for the world. Also, Casarjian (1992) said that forgiveness equals peace. Forgiveness, regardless of the situation or problem, gives the peace that we really want and yearn.According to Casarjian, forgiveness is the means of the heart to mend itself and make it whole again. It gives us the freedom to love, sincere love. When we experience forgiveness, or we accepted forgiveness from others, we are transformed, giving us a fresh start. Furthermore, it tells about how our physical wellness may improve if we practice forgiveness.It goes beyond understanding others, to how they cope up with the situation. Forgiveness must not be dependent on individual elses readiness or willingness to forgive. It explains that each person has his or her own way of letting go of their pain and anger. Let them be. Respecting them is another aspect of forgiveness. no t letting your self-forgiveness be dependent on the other persons feelings or emotions.The Handbook for forgiveness by Everett L. Worthington Jr. (2005)In this book, Worthington (2005) describes that forgiveness isnt just a science, it is also an art. This discussion can be found in chapter 1 of the book. In this discussion, I will be focusing on the headsprings answered by Worthington in chapter 1.One principal is How does forgiveness affect the participants in the forgiveness process?. According to Worthington, forgiveness involves a wrongdoer, a victim, and sometimes a third party, for instance, a small range of the society. For the wrongdoer, some might in reality be able to forgive themselves easily, some may not. But, one thing is for sure, for a transgressor that is forgiven, response is a must both intraphysically and interpersonally. This implies that the experiences of the perpetrator are interlocked with the experiences of the victim. For the victim on the other hand, forgiveness is dependent on the temper and experiences of the victim. Some people might forgive easily, some may not. This accounts to a number of personal characteristics. Also, forgiveness can also involve people around you relatives, neighbours, etc. This is why crimes affect society. In most tribes, wrongdoings can disrupt the harmony of it. That is why forgiveness is a crucial subject. Worthington summarized that forgiveness is a complex summary of intrapersonal process, interpersonal process, and interpersonal process within societal and political con school text.Another interesting concept presented in the text is the benefits of forgiveness. Like what Casarjian (2005) mentioned in his book, forgiveness has a lot of benefits physical, mental, relational, and uncanny health. The explanation is a trivial one. According to Ludwig et al. (2001), Unforgiveness is stressful and makes people drown in their negative thoughts. This results in different negative consequences, be it physically, mentally, relationships, or spiritual health. Also, a survey in 2001 associates fewer poor health conditions in elderly people with forgiveness. Moreover, forgiveness lessens the anger, pain, and other negative feelings that a person experiences.Another interesting concept discussed in the book was correlation of primate conflicts with human forgiveness. This was a study about the reconciliation behaviour of Chimpanzees and Macaques. The observed responses to conflict was kissing and the so-called hold-bottom ritual. Kissing in Chimpanzees was a signalise of reconciliation between two former opponents. The conclusion of this study was that it was unable to prove that the former opponents have forgiven each other the positive perspective was that the behavioural correlate levels of anxiety reduced or lowered after(prenominal) the reconciliation between the former opponents.The Sunflower On the Possibilities and Limits of Forgiveness by Simon Wiensenthal (1998)This is a very intriguing book that aroused the minds of many thinkers and writers. It is about a concentration camp prisoner who was subjected to an unexpected situation wherein a dying SS (German militia) man asked for his forgiveness after having participated in the Jews genocide. His response was to move away. Nothing. He questioned if his response to the situation was right or wrong. He confronted the reviewer that if the reader was in his place, what would the reader do.Wiensenthal precious to pose a question to the reader, that in the case wherein the author already exposed his tragic situation. Wiensenthal wanted the reader to put their fit on his and question his mind, What would I do?. This is a question that not only tickles the minds of the reader. This question poses a more serious predicament to consider his/her personal incorrupt and ethical beliefs. These moral and ethical beliefs influence our actions greatly towards negative situations like crimes, justice, compassion , and individual responsibility.Further reading of the book contains the responses of 53 different men and women about the question posed by Wiensenthal. The respondents came from different backgrounds. Their responses acted as pillars for the readers to be able to mull over on their own perspectives. His work I believe was to wake up the readers, to stand up, to think, to survive and face the obligation it entails. As what he have said, Survival is a privilege which entails obligations. I am forever postulation myself what I can do for those who have not survived. -Wiensenthal (1989), p. 351.

Little Price Story :: essays research papers

It all happened unity day while I was sitting in my book binding cubic yard trying to come up with ideas for my English paper. I had to write near my family. A little boy, maybe 8 or 9, my age, walked through the back gate and just stood there feelinging a bit confused. I asked him who he was and what he was looking for, and he responded, Are you looking for a friend also?I loved meeting new citizenry so I said, Sure, why not? He asked me what I was doing and I explained my whole English paper project. He seemed moderately interested in what I had to say which surprised me because I thought this project was pretty boring. He then asked if he could sustain me and I said yes since I needed all the help I could get.What is your name? I asked. epithet? Well the people on my orbiter just call me particular Prince. What is your umm name?On your planet? What do you mean on your planet?My planet, Sublime. What is your name?Jacob, but I am still confused.Dont worry slightly it. Il l explain some other time.So that was my first encounter with the Little Prince. I figured since he was release to be helping me write rough my family, he should meet my family.I brought the Little Prince in to my house and up to my infants direction where she was getting ready for her big date she had been babbling about totally week. Hannah, this is my new friend I just met today. He is going to help me with my family project.I dont have got time to worry about you and your little friends. I only have three hours until my date collar hours? It takes you that long to get ready?, asked the Little Prince.Well, yeah. I have to look really good for this guy Then the Little Prince looked at me and told me my sister was too caught up in self image, and that she worries too much about what others think about her. So now I have larn one new thing about my older sister. Caught up in self image I thought I should jot that obliterate on my yellow notepad that contains my notes for my paper (even though I did not have very many notes to begin with). I then heard my pop music in the living room yelling at the television.

Chuck Berry and Teenage Culture in the 1950s Essay -- Biography Bio Mu

thresh about Berry and Teenage Culture in the 1950sTeenagers were a bare-assed species at the beginning of the 1950s. Before then, adolescents in America had traditionally gone(p) to work to support their family or to start their own family as currently as they were old enough. However, the years of post-war prosperity and the expansion of suburbia provided teenagers (who were besides young to remember the scarcities of the Depression and the war effort) with plenty of leisure time. At the same time, advances in technology made vinyl 45s cheap and substantially accessible to both artists and listeners. White teenagers bought up pop hits coming saturnine the Billboard 100, although many who were listening to black radio stations like rhythm and colour tunes which were always played by black performers. In fact rhythm and blues was pretty much used as a synonym for black music. draw Berry was one of the branch black musicians to do well with a pureness audience. Because of his middle menage background, his energetic performing style, and his youth-associated lyrics, toot Berry broke through the hunt barrier and became one of the first rock stars.Berry became a lesson of the teenage generation, even though he recorded his first hit at the age of 29. His experience growing up, though he was near 15 years older than many of his fans, was similar enough to the suburban experience that he could easily identify with the restless attitude of white middle class teens. Berry was a city kid from St. Louis . . . not rooted in the rural past as were the country blues artists at Chess. (DeWitt, 140) The joys of fast cars, young love, and a rockin beat that Berry prized as a teenager did not diminish with his age.Berry grew up roughly East St. Louis. Li... ...ve developed in the way it did, but without teenage fans, be sick Berry might never have recorded a song.BibliographyBerry, Chuck. Chuck Berry The Autobiography. raw(a) York Harmony Books, 1987.Chapp le, Steve and Rebecca Garofolo. Rock n Roll is Here to Pay. kale Nelson Hall, 1977.Cohodas, Nadine. Spinning Blues into Gold The Chess Brothers and the Legendary Chess Records. wise York St. Martins Press, 2000.DeWitt, Howard. Chuck Berry Rock n Roll music. Freemont, CA Horizon Books, 1981.Halberstam, David. The Fifties. New York Villard Books, 1993.Hendler, Herb. Year by Year in the Rock Era. London Greenwood Press, 1983.Reese, Krista. Chuck Berry Mr. Rock and Roll. London Proteus Books, 1982.Rudolph, Dietmar. A Collectors Guide to the Music of Chuck Berry Lyrics. http//members.tripod.com/buitendeboot/LYRICS.HTML. 2001.

Slavery During the Enlightenment and the Frech Revolution :: History Historical Slaves Enlightenment Essays

There were many views of the issue of sla really during the information and the cut regeneration, and the resolution of thralldom disturbedeconomics, politics, and social severalize. The break ones back duty trilateral between Europe, west Africa, and the Indies has agreat affect on European economics during this time. The simply way for this elaborate trade triangle to cook is if therewere black Africans available for merchandise to the Indies asslaves. If they were not available, thence the landowners in thenew world werent able to bring in the sugar, coffee, andtobacco for export to Europe, and the circuit broken. TheseAfrican slaves were convenient, according to GuillaumeRaynal (document 6), because they were thought to be more homey working in the hot conditions of the Indies,because they had originally have from a very hot climate inAfrica. In order to make the outgo use of the land, moreefficient workers would be needed, and hence the slaves.The issue of slaveho lding has extensive impacts on French politicsduring the Enlightenment and the revolution. valety colonistsand landowners were disunited over the appliance of TheDeclaration of Rights of Man to slaves and blacks(document 13). If it did fancy to them then slavery would beabolished, which (according to document 10) would causethe colonies to loose commerce, fundamentally destroying thembecause French colonists had only(prenominal) profits from their trade tolive on. Those who were against slavery (documents 9, 15)use The Declaration of Rights of Man as their main source,in that it declared represent rights to all men, not just to whitemen. Slavery affected European society similarly in many ways.Generally, in terms of European society, most commonwealth wereagainst slavery, on the grounds that African slaves werepeople too, and they be the same grassroots rightsdeclared in The Declaration of the Rights of Man. Mostsuggested the enquire of why blacks only were enslaved,sighti ng that skin color made no difference in the person(document 7). Others, like Voltaire, said that the luxuriesthat Europe this instant enjoyed, like sugar, cocoa, coffee, andtobacco, were not really sufficient to gratify the enslavementSlavery During the Enlightenment and the Frech Revolution History Historical Slaves Enlightenment EssaysThere were many views of the issue of slavery during the Enlightenment and theFrench Revolution, and the resolution of slavery affectedeconomics, politics, and social order. The slave tradetriangle between Europe, west Africa, and the Indies has agreat affect on European economics during this time. Theonly way for this elaborate trade triangle to work is if therewere black Africans available for export to the Indies asslaves. If they were not available, then the landowners in thenew world werent able to produce the sugar, coffee, andtobacco for export to Europe, and the circuit broken. TheseAfrican slaves were convenient, according to GuillaumeR aynal (document 6), because they were thought to be morecomfortable working in the hot conditions of the Indies,because they had originally come from a very hot climate inAfrica. In order to make the best use of the land, moreefficient workers would be needed, and hence the slaves.The issue of slavery has extensive impacts on French politicsduring the Enlightenment and the revolution. Many colonistsand landowners were confused over the appliance of TheDeclaration of Rights of Man to slaves and blacks(document 13). If it did apply to them then slavery would beabolished, which (according to document 10) would causethe colonies to loose commerce, essentially destroying thembecause French colonists had only profits from their trade tolive on. Those who were against slavery (documents 9, 15)used The Declaration of Rights of Man as their main source,in that it declared equal rights to all men, not just to whitemen. Slavery affected European society also in many ways.Generally, in terms of European society, most people wereagainst slavery, on the grounds that African slaves werepeople too, and they deserved the same basic rightsdeclared in The Declaration of the Rights of Man. Mostsuggested the question of why blacks only were enslaved,sighting that skin color made no difference in the person(document 7). Others, like Voltaire, said that the luxuriesthat Europe now enjoyed, like sugar, cocoa, coffee, andtobacco, were not really sufficient to gratify the enslavement

Knowledge Management Strategic Master Plan in Malaysia Essay -- Techn

INTRODUCTIONIn the new era millennium with the enlargement of digital connectivity Malaysian government is using ICT application by found the acquaintance Management Strategic Master Plan aiming in transmogrify Malaysia to increase productivity, reform accountability, enhance transparency and facilitate public sector. modify acquaintance care is essential to governmental agencies at the national, regional or local rivals, because governmental organizations are basically knowledge-based organizations. Knowledge Management has likewise become one of the initiatives and trends in public sector from primarily underdeveloped countries (Syed Omar Sharifuddin and Fytton Rowland, 2004).Similar view has been expressed by Hafizi Muhamad Ali and Nor Hayati Ahmad (2006) based upon their research disclose knowledge counselling is now becoming an undeniably important fate in an organizations intangible asset. Therefore, based on the authors of their articles, Knowledge Management sha ll be implementing as it does bring lots of benefit for the Malaysia mankind Sector Environment in order to increase productivity, improve accountability and enhance transparency.DEFINING KNOWLEDGE AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENTAbdullah (2009) gives an explanation for knowledge as fluid mix of framed between experience, values, contextual information, honorable insight and grounded intuition in order to provide an environment and manikin for evaluating and incorporating new experiences and information. This study addresses that KM applied in the minds of knowledge management in the simplest terms it means exactly that management of knowledge. Knowledge management incorporates ideas and processes from many different sources and technologies a wide variety of... ...red, and retained. Using merged organizational assessment processes offers public sector organizations an opportunity to examine and improve their operations and to create a workplace culture and climate that facilitates exc ellence. It challenges employees at all levels to focus on the mission and goals of the agency and to identify ship canal of working together as an organization rather than as respective(prenominal) processes and programs in order to provide the best possible services to constituents. A part of an organizations culture can provide the critical feedback that not unaccompanied enables higher levels of performance but that also engages the workforce in a way that uses their knowledge and abilities in accomplishing the mission. The responsibility of agency leaders is to introduce, support, and fix assessment. At its most fundamental, assessment is not just a process.

Inherit The Wind :: essays research papers

Are You A Man or A Monkey ?A Disturbing Movement of Anti-Intellectualism in the States"Its more valuable to see with the eye in geniuss heart, rather than see with the eye in ones head."&9The epic crusade of cognizance and engineering versus theology, bothreligions of sorts date back in time more years than any of us can begin tocomprehend. Maybe that is why, as a whole, we have such a difficult timediscerning between the two, or rather, why we fail to see clearly the truemeaning that lies behind the propaganda of either. &9The arguments on either side ar significant and carry as much reasonand weight as the other. Thus, we simply cannot refuse to imprint a judgmentbefore looking critic everyy into the logistics surrounding the propaganda of individuallytheory. Gods diplomats, the Bible-thumping, prophesizing blow-hards muchlike Brady in Inherit the Wind, are as much the bigoted and biased,sacrilegious and amoral attention-seekers as they proclaim the evolutionists to be. However, their elect doctrine cannot be overlooked, as I myself amdeeply commit to its teachings. Brady and others like him fight from thebackbone of Faith. I dont believe in the literal deciphering of the Bible, butthat it is a book of ideals that we essential trust in its veracity. It isnt meant to be explained &9Ironically, the liaison that people are the most hungry for, meaning, is the one thing that science hasnt been able to give them. Enter God, the meansthat mankind has clung to for purpose. If there isnt a God, does that meanthat 95% of the humanity is suffering from well-nigh sort of mass dillusion? Theremay be a thou arguments against there being a supreme being that we can signify of, but its all those reasons that we cannot think of that allow him tocontinue to live as a necessity in our hearts and minds. True, in the ultGalileo, Copernicus and others have proven that the Church can be wrong --and I agree. Yet the Church, like humanity, has the right to ma ke a mistakeand appraise their beliefs. It doesnt mean all they say is false, not at all I couldnt imagine living in a world where God didnt exist -- I wouldnt wantto.&9Turn around 360 degrees and you are back facing the same direction, straight off science lies in front of you where religion so recently resided. Politics,science, philosophy, theology, technology -- its so easy to become confused. Science is a truth, no matter how adamantly we decree it otherwise.

Shortage of Physicians In Canada Essay -- Canadian Health Care System

In the past decade, Canadas population has grown from 5,301,000 in 1900 to over 34,030,589 in 2011, driven primarily by immigration (Central Intelligence Agency, 2011). By 2056 it is expected, one in quadruplet Canadians will be 65 years or older, comp ared to 13 per centime currently. This will put a huge strain on the estates health care system (Macleans, 2008 p.2). The future of Canadas health care system is at great risk due to its escalating and ageing population. This is triggering a shortage of physicians, particularly anesthesiologists, in some provinces of Canada (Canadian Medicine Journal, 2007). Anesthesiologists are specialist physicians who provide critical care to patients in a come in of health programs operative anesthesia for patients in all surgical subspecialties, knowing put out management, procedural anesthesia, obstetrical care, and high-risk medical management, chronic pain management, resuscitation, advanced airway management, and critical care (Intermo untain Healthcare, 2011). The current shortage of anesthesiologists is extremely impacting access to care in each of these areas. Due to the lack of foreboding in administration policies, the shortage of anesthesiologists in Canada is increasing and becoming much critical. The Canadian giving medication has failed to train, hire, and retain enough anesthesiologists/assistants for the call for of Canadas advance population. The Canadian Medical Association (CMA) estimates it would take 26,000 much physicians, presently, in regulate to bring Canada up to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) average (Macleans, 2008 p.2). The Canadian health care system promises universality, portability, and accessibility unfortunately, it faces political challenges of meeting pub... ...ortant quality in this shortage because if they re do and formulate policies to accept and graduate more students specializing in anesthesiology, it will significantly reduce the shortfall of anesthesiologists. Lastly, the Canadian government needs to recruit more and retain enough anesthesiologists to meet the needs of its population. Instead of the government ignoring the issue, it should see this as an opportunity to dedicate its efforts to construct a good health care system which will force in healthier Canadians. This will not take only the efforts of the government but also the efforts of hospitals, maternity care providers, healthcare and professional liability insurers, consumers, and policymakers. With the use of future-planning in government policies it will mitigate this short-fall of anesthesiologists and prevent it from occurring in the long-run.

The Puffy Chronicles :: Puff Daddy Music Musicians Rappers Essays

The consolationy ChroniclesPuff Daddy, innate(p) Sean Combs on November 4, 1969 in Harlem to Melvin and Janice Combs, began his life of force at a modern age. When Sean was two years old, his father was tragically murdered. This forced Janice to move to a safer environment in Mt.Vernon, NY where she had to work three jobs in order to bid for her family. One can see that Seans broken home and the violence that constantly surrounded him influenced his lyrics and style of music through away his lifeI1 . His angry lyrics and shouts of attack in his individual tracks certainly support the argument of his childhood having a big impact on his style of rap. Exploding onto the rap scene, tumid in brief found himself engulfed by the lifestyle of a rapper. For a short time, Puff Daddy was involved in one of the biggest East coast vs. atomic number 74 Coast battles. Violence erupted, which lead to the conclusion of two rappers 2Pac and Notorious B.I.G. During this unit time, bouff ant was busy producing music and influencing the style of other artists.I2 Biggies integrity Hypnotize so ared up to number one and stayed there long after(prenominal) his death. It was not long until the world would get a taste of Puffys veryI3 own style. Puff Daddy released the solo album No focussing Out in the summer of 97. No Way Out is an odd mixture of gangsta rap, soul, and r&b. But, somehow it seems to work for Puffy and his crew. At times while listening to the tracks, one is confused as to which direction Puffy and such featured artists as Mase, Lil Kim, Notorious B.I.G., and Busta Rhymes are headed because the tracks are either violent, apologetic, or r&b. In Victory, Busta Rhymes spews out angry lyrics of violence about kidnapping rival West Coast Rapper families and gunning down enemies. Then in a spin-off of incinerates Every Breath You Take, one can bump the pain and anguish as well as the regret in Puffs voice as he raps about the death of his best frie nd, Notorious B.I.G. Ill Be Missing You, a support to Biggie, won the award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group (vh1.com 2). Biggies wife, Faith Evans, provided background vocals to the vociferation while Puffy raps, Give anything to hear half your breath/I know you still living your life, after death.

Humorous and Sentimental Wedding Speech by the Groom -- Wedding Toasts

Humorous and Sentimental Wedding Speech by the GroomI was going to begin with ladies and gentlemen but on expression around Im glad I didnt. So here goes.Distinguished guests, those of lesser distinction, and those of no distinction at all, family relatives, new and old, in-laws and out-laws, friends, friends of friends, and freeloaders, welcome to our man and wife reception. offset printing of all I would like to thank my brothers and my new sister for their soma words.I did piss a speech all worked out for this additional occasion, but of course now that Im a married man, she has told me what to say instead. So here goesOn behalf of my wife - and I suppose Im going to have to get used to saying that ?I would like to start by thanking everyone here to sidereal day for sharing our very special day with us. A lot of people have traveled far to be here tonight and we are delighted to see you all. Thank you for your cards, kind thoughts, wedding gifts, and especially the big che cks And. of course, all these smiling faces I see in front of me tonight. I hope you can all get the fortune to mingle tonight, get to have intercourse each other a light better, and, inherently, have a good time.I would like to take this chance to thank my parents for my upbringing and the sacrifices they have made for me. I would like to thank them both for the advice they have given me, for putting up with me, and for pointing me in the duty direction usually only to watch me go off and do exactly the opposite, of course but thats what sons are for and do best.To my new ma and dad, I would like to thank you so much for everything you have through and for welcoming me so openly into your family. I feel very high-flown to be able to say that I am your son-in... .... You agreed to profit me the happiest man in the world today and have a natural way that makes every day a joy to be with you. I know that I told you earlier but I want everyone to know how beautiful you lear n today. Your dress is stunning and you really do look like a little princess. You have made me the happiest and proudest man vivacious today by saying I do and I cant take care to tell everyone that you are my wife at every opportunity I have. I dont have to hope that our future together get out be a happy one. I know it will be, because every day I wake to find that I love you twice as much as the day before. As every day will tell you - I?m sometimes wrong, but in marrying, I know Ive made the right decision. Thank you darling.Thank you all for connective us tonight. We know we are surrounded by loved ones. amuse enjoy the rest of the night and have a great time.

Great Lakes Directional Drilling :: essays research papers

Around the mitten determine state of Michigan, five gigantic lakes encompass the coast. Providing a spot for vacationers, fisherman, and oftentimes wildlife, the Great Lakes are the pride and joy of Michigan. The history of the lakes stretches back thousands of years, where glaciers cut the lakes out of bedrock. These lakes provided a surplus of food and access to easy locomote for settlers hundreds of years ago. People around the Great Lakes area appreciate the variety of wildlife, scenery, and rarity of much(prenominal) landmarks. When the question of whether to rehearse in these lakes for embrocate colour and innate gas came up, it ignited many debates. Is our wildlife more important than oil to us? Or does the presence of oil and natural gas mean we squeeze out corrupt our environment and endanger many different types of species, along with ourselves? We happen ourselves in unique situation. A debate of whether it is right to dig up oil in the Great Lakes. The lakes are known to contain oil and natural gas, hardly what risk does that play to our environment? The two sides in this debate both have their valid points. It is right to preserve wildlife, but oil is also a highly valuable commodity in todays market. People often stress that we must cover care of our artificial satellite because it is the only one we have. Why then do we destroy thousands of square miles of rainforest for wood? Why is there so much emphasis on industrialization, and not enough on the conservation of our Earth? Why do we need to use so much, thus far waste so much? Our environment and world is declining at a rate at which we cannot afford. It will be sad to see our planet in another few hundred years. We need to start preserving our environment, and not drilling our Great Lakes for oil is a great place to start. If we drill for oil, we will lose much wildlife, destroy habitats, have possible oil spills, and in fact endanger ourselves in the long run. To extract su ch oil from under the Great Lakes, we would need to use directional drilling. To do this, the well is first drilled vertically, and then it is angled under the lakes at about four thousand feet to in fact reach the oil. This is a complicated process that had improved due to technology over the olden twenty years.

Edgar Allen Poe :: essays research papers

Edgar Allen PoeM all a great author grant have it off to inhibit to the world distinguished literary merit, some to be considered masterpieces of novelty, others to be frowned upon for not meeting the requirements of civilized society. Edgar Allen Poe was one of the authors frowned upon be cause his talent of penning was found on bringing show up the fears and deep suspense of which a exclusive person finish barely hold on to.Quoth the raven, never again pay off into account the essence of this single phrase used in Poes writing, so simple and yet so strategically situated as to pull the lector deeper and farther into Poes own visual sense as to for just a endorsement cause the referee to be Poe, stick out as Poe, designate as Poe, and for even shorter a wink carry out the fear and enthrallment that Poe faces while writing his novels. Edgar Allen Poe had a elbow room to see the mind, to cause what people feared and loathed to come to life but at the kindred cartr idge clip keep a classifiable grasp on any who read his literature, once a story or song was began it was a trap that pulled you in and held on, the only way out was to blockade the entirely way through. Somehow, Poe initiated a method of incorporating suspense and trickery into his novels and poems, a reader may be anxious to get to the end and go back out what was the final occurrence was while at the same time the reader knew that paying attention to the story carefully, was of vital importance to queue out why, what happened at the end happened.Edgar Allen Poe was quite good at using depravity as a side effect he would cause the opposite of his stories to think of themselves as the better people when they would commit feats of penalize and or trickery. But what normally began as pride or understanding for the deed would quickly be reversed within time to unrighteousness and pain. Poe had a way of describing the pain of others, especially guilt he would find distincti ve phrases and or words that would describe pain as unadulterated and inescapable, to a point of anxiety where you dont think you can learn much more and just at that exact moment at the apex of the climactic sequence Poe would deliver an astonishing comfort that would cause you to slow back down and relax at the stories end.Edgar Allen Poe essays investigate papers Edgar Allen PoeMany a great author have come to inhibit to the world distinguished literary merit, some to be considered masterpieces of novelty, others to be frowned upon for not meeting the requirements of civilized society. Edgar Allen Poe was one of the authors frowned upon because his talent of writing was based on bringing out the fears and deep suspense of which a single person can barely hold on to.Quoth the raven, Nevermore take into account the essence of this single phrase used in Poes writing, so simple and yet so strategically placed as to pull the reader deeper and farther into Poes own imagination a s to for just a moment cause the reader to be Poe, see as Poe, think as Poe, and for even shorter a moment experience the fear and enthrallment that Poe faces while writing his novels. Edgar Allen Poe had a way to manipulate the mind, to cause what people feared and loathed to come to life but at the same time keep a distinctive grasp on any who read his literature, once a story or poem was began it was a trap that pulled you in and held on, the only way out was to finish the whole way through. Somehow, Poe initiated a method of incorporating suspense and trickery into his novels and poems, a reader may be anxious to get to the end and find out what was the final occurrence was while at the same time the reader knew that paying attention to the story carefully, was of vital importance to understand why, what happened at the end happened.Edgar Allen Poe was quite good at using guilt as a side effect he would cause the antagonist of his stories to think of themselves as the better peo ple when they would commit deeds of revenge and or trickery. But what normally began as pride or reason for the deed would quickly be reversed within time to guilt and pain. Poe had a way of describing the pain of others, especially guilt he would find distinctive phrases and or words that would describe pain as unending and inescapable, to a point of anxiety where you dont think you can take much more and just at that exact moment at the apex of the climactic sequence Poe would deliver an astonishing blow that would cause you to slow back down and relax at the stories end.

Role of Women in Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart :: Things Fall Apart essays

role of Women in Things fall out Apart Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart portrays Africa, particularly the Ibo society, the right way before the arrival of the white man. Things Fall Apart analyzes the destruction of African culture by the appearance of the white man in name of the destruction of the bonds between individuals and their society. Achebe, who teaches us a great deal active Ibo society and translates Ibo myth and proverbs, also explains the role of women in pre-colonial Africa. In Things Fall Apart, the reader follows the trials and tribulations of Okonkwo, a tragic hero whose tragic flaw includes the particular that his whole life was dominated by fear, the fear of failure and weakness. (16) For Okonkwo, his paternity Unoka embodied the epitome of failure and weakness. Okonkwo was taunted as a child by other children when they called Unoka agbala. Agbala could either mean a man who had taken no title or cleaning lady. Okonkwo hated anything weak or frail, and his descriptions of his tribe and the members of his family intend that in Ibo society anything strong was likened to man and anything weak to woman. Because Nwoye, his parole by his first wife, reminds Okonkwo of his father Unoka he describes him as woman-like. After hearing of Nwoyes diversity to the Christianity, Okonkwo ponders how he, a flaming fire could withdraw begotten a son like Nwoye, degenerate and effeminate (143)? On the other hand, his daughter Ezinma should have been a boy. (61) He favored her the most out of all of his children, insofar if Ezinma had been a boy he would have been happier. (63) After killing Ikemefuna, Okonkwo, who cannot understand why he is so distraught, asks himself, When did you become a shivering old woman? (62) When his tribe looks as if they are not going to fight against the come in missionaries, Okonkwo remembers the days when men were men. (184) In keeping with the Ibo view of female nature, the tribe allowed wife beating . The novel de scribes two instances when Okonkwo beats his second wife, erstwhile when she did not come home to make his meal. He beat her intemperately and was punished but only because he beat her during the Week of Peace. He beat her again when she referred to him as one of those guns that never shot. When a intense case of wife beating comes before the egwugwu, hefound in favor of the wife.

Nuclear Waste Essay -- Environment Pollution Papers

nuclear Waste Australia is a major role player in the grand scheme of the worlds energy needs. Its braggy land mass and geologic history has provided it with an extensive list of mineral resources. Australia, therefore, since the initial gold rushes of the 1850s, has come to depend heavily on the minelaying industry. In particular, the disco truly in the 1950s of uranium and new char deposits created a wave of mining that to present has proven to be quite an profitable for the countrys economy.1 Australia is unique in that it is the worlds second largest producer and exporter of uranium,2 and the worlds largest coal exporter.3It comes as no surprise, therefore, that current energy issues regarding abandon products hits close to home for Australia. However, Australias contri exactlyions to and practice of fossil fuel and nuclear energy are all very different. The Kyoto Protocol of 1997 has enabled Australia to assume a role that not only contributes to the eff orts of emissions reductions, but also allows it to continue its economic benefits of coal mining. Solutions to and decisions about nuclear waste worry, on the other hand, are much more difficult to come to. spot Australias future in the coal industry get out depend greatly on the results of the Kyoto Protocol, the future of nuclear waste guidance may eventually greatly depend on Australia.History of mining and Nuclear PolicyDue to its large production of coal, Australia has come to intrust heavily on fossil fuels as its primary source of energy.4 While it might seem appropriate that nuclear energy be some other significant source, since uranium is a significant component of the fuel utilise to run nuclear reactors, this is not actually the case. Au... ... Zwaan, op cit.20 Langer, Nuclear waste management and the earth sciences21 Nuclear Electricity, 6th Edition, horrible 200022 Ibid.23 Holland, op cit.24 Ibid.25 Nuclear Waste Storage (Prohibition) Act 1999, in Hollan d, op cit.26 Parliamentary Debates, Senate 26 sumptuous 1999 in Holland, op cit.27 Prime Minister Howard in Holland, op cit.28 Holland, op cit.29 van der Zwaan, op cit.30 Nuclear Electricity, Sixth Edition, August 200031 Holland, op cit.32 Nuclear Electricity, Sixth Edition, August 200033 Langer, op cit.34 Holland, op cit.35 Nuclear Electricity, Sixth Edition, August 200036 Holland, op cit.37 Ibid.38 Senator Minchin in Holland, op cit.39 van der Zwaan, op cit.40 Ibid.41 ENST 309 Lecture Notes.42 Beardow, op cit.