The New Negro by Alain Locke

The essay The New Negro by Alain Locke’s defines what Locke believes to be the â€Å"Old Negro and the â€Å"New Negro. This paper will compare and contrasts Marcus Garvey The Future as I See it and Langston Hughes various poems on why Locke would have characterized them as either Old Negroes, New Negroes, or both. I believe Locke, Garvey , Hughes were determined to see Blacks succeed. Each writer expresses their idea in their own unique way, but they all wanted freedom, equality, and respect. For example, Locke would characterize Garvey as the Old and New Negro.For instance, Garvey writes that it’s time for each person to decide on how they will discover freedom. Garvey writes â€Å"The hour has now struck for the individual Negro as well as the entire race to decide the course that will be pursued in the interest of our own liberty†. (p. 1000) Garvey was writing his views on the future as he saw it. He wanted blacks to know now it’s your time to decide which path you want to take and you have the freedom to do so. Also, Locke writes â€Å"The Negro today is inevitably moving forward under the control largely of his own objectives†. (p. 89) Blacks are achieving their goals because ‘ is something they desired on their own. Also, Garvey informs the Negro that their will be people who will try to discourage you from reaching the freedom you so desperately want. Garvey writes, â€Å" Some trying to capitalize the new spirit that has come to the Negro to make profit out of it to their own selfish benefit; some are trying to set back the Negro from seeing the hope of own liberty†¦ â€Å"(p. 1001). In spite of, what the white men might think or feel on how far Negros will get in life, we must not listen and believe what they feel.Garvey writes â€Å"white men may laugh at the idea of Negroes talking about government; but let me tell you there is going to be a government†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 1002) Garvey writes to the Ne w Negroes that we can’t let anyone plant a seed in our minds and our spirit that we can not achieve the same goals that the white man wants. This is a new day for us and we are going to embrace this new beginning and let no one stop us for achieving our goals. In addition, Garvey writes to the New Negroes about the vision he sees for them.He reminds them that God created them and because of this you are special and do not allow anyone to tell you differently. Garvey writes, â€Å"Remember that you are men, that God created you Lords of this creation. Nonetheless, Garvey’s vision for Negroes was that we can do anything that we set our minds to regardless of the circumstances that we could face. Garvey writes, â€Å" Let no man pull you down, let no man destroy your ambition, because man is but your companion, your equal; man is your brother; he is not your lord; he is not your sovereign master†. p. 1003) Garvey’s vision to the Negroes was that man is not the one you live for, God is the one who will be their with you to the end and he will never leave you. Also, Locke would characterize Hughes poems as New and Old Negroes. First, in Hughes’s poem Mother to Son; a mother is telling her son that her journey through life has not been easy, but she will not give up. Hughes writes â€Å" Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair. † (p. 1292) This mother is telling her son her life has not been easy but she is still standing.The mother wanted her son to know no matter how hard times may become don’t you give up. Hughes writes â€Å"So boy, don’t you turn back. † Locke and Hughes both were sending the same message; they both were determined to see blacks succeed. Next, Hughes poem I Too relates to a young black man who believes that he is beautiful and one day everybody will notice this. â€Å"They send me to eat in the kitchen When company comes, But I laugh, And eat well, And grow strong. † (p. 295) The young man will go quietly and he will dream about the day when he will be able to sit at the table with everybody and they will notice he is a beautiful person. Hughes writes â€Å"Tomorrow, I’ll be at the table When company comes. Nobody†ll dare Say to me, â€Å"Eat in the kitchen,† Also, in the Theme for English B by Hughes I believe Locke would have characterized this to the New Negro. It was about a young color-man who was only colored student in his English class. His instructor asked the class go home and write something that is true and it will let you know who you really are.The young color boy wanted his instructor to know that even though they both might not want to be part of each other world, they both could learn from each other. I believe Locke, Garvey, and Hughes all shared similar values and views about the New Negro and Old Negro. All of them told their stories in different ways, but they all told their in own unique way. Finally, a ll three authors wanted to express how they believed that we can reach our goals regardless of any obstacles that may stand in our way. Sharise Williams Literature-125 Professor Crowe.

Forecasting Effects of Cultural Changes

Within today's increasingly globally-infused corporate workplaces, conventional wisdom holds that demographic and/or cultural diversity contribute positively to enhanced performance by groups, teams, or other divisions of a trans-global corporate entity, thus ultimately enhancing, by association, company products and/or services and the company itself, at home and abroad. As corporate giant Nokia's website states, for example (2005), of its own global workforce: â€Å"Respect for individual qualities, as well as a willingness to work together in a constructive, positive, even enjoyable, way [,] are all essential for high-quality results. † Much related research suggests, however, that while diverse employee skills and abilities in and of themselves may enhance group or team performance, demographic diversity (e. g. differences among workforce members, in terms of language; cultural; referential; or social background), may detract from it (Knight, Pearce, Smith, Olian , Sims , Smith & Flood, 1999; Jackson, 2003; Hamilton, Nickerson, Jackson, & Owan, May 2004). I will examine factors that, based on research and anecdotal evidence combined, may inflect corporate workforce compatibility or success, exploring both positive and the negative potential effects of demographic and cultural diversity on global and other workplace behavior and performance. In a telephone interview conducted by this researcher, on October 6, 2005, with a friend who is a human resources assistant manager at Hitachi Global Storage Technologies (HGST) based in San Jose, California, a recently-merged company created by the Hitachi-IBM HDD (Hard Disk Drive) company merger of January 2003, â€Å"[A lack of] enough good and clear intercultural communications is still contributing a lot, I would say, to lower than expected employee morale† (Sindai). However, despite the inevitable difficulties, misunderstandings, and other company challenges it inevitably brings, globalization is here to stay. According to Alden, for example, in an article on UPS's expansion, â€Å"Over the past 40 years the number of multinational corporations in the world's fourteen richest countries has gone from 7,000 to 24,000. (6-7). Moreover, as Alden observes, while many companies have marketed internationally for years, more and more companies are looking to enter the arena of global competition. However, according to Wilbur (2005), in terms of global workplace (or any team or group) performance or behavior, in and of itself, mere diversity of a workforce, or group, team, or other entity within that workforce, is non-conclusive. HP [High Performance] teams are built with . . . complementary skills. . . . a Blend and balance of social styles . . . technical skills, problem solving skills, and political savvy. . . . They treat differences with respect realizing the survival value in versatility, . . . develop mutual accountability that builds respect, commitment. High performance teams blow away barriers and boundaries. Typical demographic and/or cultural diversity increasingly found within global conglomerates or other entities like Worldwide Telecommunications, Inc. nd others, may contribute to or detract greatly from performance, depending on specific aspects of diversity; management communications, actions, and philosophies, and various other factors. Optimal workplace performance itself, on the part of any group or team, whatever its internal composition, generally springs from commitment, shared values, and pursuit of a common goal (Knight, Pearce, Smith, Olian , Sims , Smith & Flood, 1999; Jackson, 2003 ;Wilbur, 2005). Demographic characteristics and/or cultural diversity may contribute to or detract from high-performance teams, but these characteristics alone will not determine performance. They may, however, influence it, in combination with other factors, such as shared or common goals; shared values; group commitment and support, and group synergy (Jackson, 2003; Wilbur, 2005). As Sindai (telephone interview, October 7, 2005), of Hitachi Global Storage Technologies (HGST) also stated: After the merger almost three years ago [of IBM's and Hitachi's Hard Disk Drive HDD) entities in January 2003] about our making more videos and doing more training sessions to keep enhancing diversity training. Our office wanted to do more, not just [what we had done] up to the merger, and everyone agreed it was needed. But little by little it got moved to the back burner. I think there's been a feeling, or a hope at least, that it would all work itself out in time. But it Sindai added that, after IBM and Hitachi's respective hard drive divisions (HDD's) merged in 2003, various clashes, miscommunications, and misunderstandings of two distinct types of cultures emerges. One was the inevitable initial clash between IBM (an American company) versus Hitachi (a Japanese company) corporate cultures. Another, which proved to be more chronic, was based on demographic, social, cultural and other miscommunications and misunderstandings, sometimes although not always based on language incompatibilities, among workers from the United States; Japan; Pakistan; China; India; Sri Lanka; Singapore; India; Mexico; Bulgaria; and (as Sindai put it) â€Å"at least ten or twelve other places. † Results of a more formal study, on effects of diversity on group management performance, seem to confirm Sindai's anecdotal observations. Knight, Pearce, Smith, Olian, Sims , Smith & Flood (1999) concluded that: â€Å"Diversity in ability enhances the team productivity if there is significant mutual learning and collaboration within the team, while demographic diversity is likely to harm productivity by making learning and peer pressure less effective and increasing team-member turnover. † Hamilton, Nickerson, Jackson, & Owan (May 2004) found, in a similar study, that: Data from 76 high-technology firms in the United States and Ireland were used to examine three alternative models. The results showed that while demographic diversity alone did have effects on strategic consensus the overall fit of the model was not strong. Adding two intervening group process variables, interpersonal conflict and agreement-seeking . . . greatly improved the overall relationship with strategic consensus. For the most part, TMT [Total Management Team] diversity had negative effects on strategic consensus. Jackson (2003) further concluded that: Informational (education and function) diversity was negatively related to group efficiency when social category diversity (sex and age) was high, but not when it was low; consequences . . . for team conflict were best understood by taking into account interactive effects for specific dimensions of diversity. (p. 803) An interesting and arguably related example, from the world of professional football, and one that starkly and vividly exemplifies workplace diversity training gone awry (i. e. the San Francisco 49'ers controversial diversity training tape that was leaked to the press (Ryan, Sunday June 5, 2005)) painfully illustrates how management attitudes anywhere, with any diverse group of people in any occupation, especially vis-a-vis other groups of people, strongly inflect â€Å"accepted† or perceived â€Å"normal† workplace attitudes about diversity (be they positive or negative), potentially polarizing, not unifying, workpla ce group members. As Ryan states, in analyzing this incident: . . . the video, which the team was required to watch, was particularly insulting o deeply religious players. Imagine if a corporation made it mandatory for employees to watch a training video that featured soft-core lesbian porn and a racist depiction of a bumbling, bucktoothed Chinese man. . . because the employees happen to be football players, people seem willing to dismiss it as This incident effectively lampooned diversity training and workplace diversity itself, within an extremely high-profile professional, organization, and geographical location (one that possesses enormous cultural diversity among its residents and sports fan â€Å"customers†) instead of promoting it. The incident also likely reinforced pre-existing stereotypes of many sports and related industry professionals: as boorish, intolerant, ignorant, or racist. Admittedly, the San Francisco 49ers football team and its management are non-equivalent, structurally, functionally, or in terms of goals or purpose, to Worldwide Telecommunications; Nokia, HGST, or any other large global corporate entity. Nevertheless, the implied lesson, for corporations and managers, contained within this incident is clear (at least to this author): company and group attitudes about diversity and its desirability and value to (and within) an organization, come from the top and migrate downward. Further, positive attitudes about workplace diversity and about diversity in general (which affect workplace attitudes and behaviors, consciously or unconsciously) must be practiced; reinforced; repeated, and encouraged, in order for workers to embrace and maintain them. One other fact that emerges from research combined with interviewee observation of effects of diversity on group performance, and reality combined, is that genuine appreciation for demographic and/or cultural diversity is most powerful and lasting when it grows from within a diverse group itself, rather than being imposed from the outside. Jackson (2003) further explains that â€Å"most [diversity] studies assumed that diversity influences affective reactions and social processes within teams and organizations. Social processes in turn were assumed to provide the explanations for the effects of diversity on team and/or organizational performance† (p. 803). Moreover, according to Jackson: Decades of research on similarity and attraction indicate that people tend to dislike dissimilar others, all else being equal. By extension, it has been argued that diversity is likely to have negative consequences for affective reactions such as cohesion, satisfaction, and commitment . . . Several early studies showing that diversity was associated with higher turnover rates seemed to support that conclusion. Recent research on team and organizational diversity: SWOT analysis and implications. ) Demographic and/or cultural diversity within transnational corporate workplaces may or may not enhance company performance, depending on the group; its members; its management and other influences; and its implicitly shared (or not shared) values, goals, motivations, and work and other philosophies. Diversity of skill and ability is more likely to enhance group performance than is cultural diversity (Knight, Pearce, Smith, Olian, Sims , Smith & Flood, 1999; Jackson, 2003; Hamilton, Nickerson, Jackson, & Owan, May 2004). Winning performance, though, is determined not so much by cultural and/or demographic diversity as by complementary skills; synergy; shared values and goals, and commitment. For optimal transnational workplace performance, demographic and/or cultural diversity must clearly be accompanied, in order to be effective, by personal and heartfelt cohesion among group or team members. In forecasting cultural changes, at World Telecommunications, Inc. and at other, similar entities, then, that particular conclusion, arrived at by researchers; managers, and others, alike, might well be kept closely in mind.

Learning Team Charter Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Learning Team Charter Analysis - Essay Example The group must lay down some criteria on what kind of violations would merit being kicked out from the group. It would also be good to solicit feedback from the member who failed to perform as expected. Feedback can be used for planning when drafting guidelines. As for team B, the distribution of workload is properly managed by the leader. They also observe correct protocol by having the immediate supervisor address the issues first. This reflects more organized way of doing things. However, additional strategies can be formulated to make the whole process efficient. First, the conflict manager can have one-on-one discussions with team members who have issues before elevating them to the instructor. Second , models for conflict resolutions can be discussed to see which approach is more appropriate. In conclusion, conflict resolution in groups begins with carefully laid established guidelines that team members can rely

Steriods in sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Steriods in sports - Essay Example Anabolic steroids are always considered illegal to be used in sporting activities and can only be provided under the prescription of a doctor. They are imperative in the treatment of muscle related abnormalities especially in men; correcting lean muscle growth in men. The non-medical utilization of anabolic steroids is considered illegal and has been banned by variety of sports organizations. In 2005, two major acts geared towards the controlling use of anabolic steroids were amended: The Controlled Substance Act as well as the Anabolic Steroids Control Act (Clinical Aspects) The Controlled Substance Act included the anabolic steroids on the list of other prohibited drugs however some sports men and women continue to use them illegally. The Controlled Substance Act declared that any person found in possession or using anabolic steroids will be charged with committing Federal Crime. The most common anabolic steroids illegally used include; androstenedione, primobolan, tetrahydrogestrinone and clenbuteral (Clinical Aspects) Since the introduction of steroids in the medicinal filed in the early 1950’s to treat various body abnormalities such as the hypogonadism which is a condition associated with very low testosterone production in the human body (males), the application of steroids in various sporting activities have been increasing rapidly among men and women (Clinical Aspects) Steroids use ha been rampant especially in the athletics for men and women; in sports like Bodybuilding the use of steroids has become more accepted to enhance muscle growth and strength. In the early years, other sports such as weight lifting as well as power lifters also encouraged the use steroids, however, the use steroids began rising in most colleges in sports like American Football and also among non-athlete college students. This seen the use of steroids going to level of lower grades in high school up to the Seventh grade

Is Intraprenuership Necessary in Asia and How Does It Contribute To Research Proposal

Is Intraprenuership Necessary in Asia and How Does It Contribute To Organizations - Research Proposal Example The study employed a sample representation of industries as well as companies through which the generalization of the findings was to be made. High innovation among the trading firms was notable within this era of globalization. Through an empirical study mode, the research found out four basic determinants of the capacity for companies to engage in intrapreneural activities: Technically skilled employees, the organization’s layout, secrecy availability as well as the market knowledge by the organization (Balasundaram and Uddin, 2009, p.35). Another research study was carried out through the evaluation and analyses of the available literature on the concepts as well as the principles that are prevalent within organizations and which in one way or the other influence the spirit of entrepreneurship. Work place values, employee personal character as well as social cultural factors are key in determining the direction taken as regards the intrapreneurialship of an organization. Am ong other findings of the study was that intrapreneurial spirit and success depends in much more than just mere creativity of an employee. One needs to be ready to take risk and be tolerant even as one awaits the senior management’s decision concerning an innovation. Moreover, it was the finding of this study that firms that nurture and uphold the spirit of intrapreneurship have better performance compared to their counterparts. The study recommended all firms to uphold the spirit of intrapreneurship in order to have a competing edge within the business field (AZAMI, 2013, p. 198). The findings ascertained the recommendations by another report that indeed, intrapreneurs are agents of change within organizations; managing as well as motivating them is thus critical to every organization (Wong, 2008, p.1). Maier and Zenovia undertook a study through the literature to compare and contrast entrepreneurship versus intrapreneurship within the current world. Among the different find ings that sought, the two comprises vast similarities as well as differences. Their study revealed that the two are major basic tools that companies and other firms can exploit for use within the economic dynamics that we are facing today and through which, solutions to trade problems can be found. Min particular, this study found out that every company should uphold the spirit of innovation as it is only through this that future success of them are laid. They reasoned that yesterday’s innovation can never guarantee tomorrows competence hence the need to encourage the intrapreneural spirit (2011,p. 975). Through an exploratory investigation, Bosma and friends sought to analyze the global perspective of intrapreneurship. Moreover, the study sought to understand the distribution of intrapreneurs within the frame work of age and found that more innovation rests with the younger employees as compared to the elderly employees. Furthermore, the likely hood of employees to engage in intrapreneural innovations is double within the high income countries as compared to the low income countries (Bosma, Stam and Wennekers, 2010, p. 3). Globalization is seen to be a threat to some extent as innovations are simply taking over the older ones thus necessitating

Cse Study Analysis Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cse Study Analysis Economics - Essay Example Instead the use of oil and gas has kept growing over the years. Though the oil price are now on a declining trend, but in the recent past the world was worried by the way oil prices started marching upward, touching a level of about $130. Events following the mortgage crisis have now led to a fall in oil prices, thus making the OPEC nations sit up and take note. Price of any commodity in general is determined by the law of demand and supply. As per this law, 'all other factors remaining constant, the higher the price of a product, the less number of people will demand it. Or in other words, the higher the price, the lower the quantity demanded.' But if we look at the historical perspective, it is found that oil, the source of energy has also defied this law. The demand for oil continued to increase even when the prices kept increasing. With majority of the share going in favor of Middle-East nations, the oil is not only the source of energy, but in today's global scenario, it has become an important source of political power as well. As pointed out in the case study, US is one of the largest consumer of oil from OPEC nations, therefore the recession hit economy of US has certainly led to an economic downturn all over the globe in varying degrees. But if we take a historical perspective we find that till the early 1970s, the prices of crude oil kept hovering around $15-20. But the huge strength of oil was realized by the oil producing nations in 1973, when they all decided to stop exporting oil to US and other western nations, in retaliation to the US assistance to Israel in the Yom Kippur War1. Oil prices started moving upward all around the globe as it became a much desired commodity in the consumerist society in western nations. Since then the OPEC nations have seen many ups and downs. With leadership positions in oil production, many OPEC members have seen tremendous growth and advancement during the last 2-3 decades. OPEC-SWOT analysis Strengths i. About five decade old organization: OPEC came into being in the year 1960, with Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela as the founding members. The stated objectives of the intergovernmental group are to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies amongst member countries, so that a fair and stable price can be extracted for petroleum products. Later on some more countries joined the group, thus providing the group further strength. The fact that, despite many hiccups during all these years, the group has been able to able to sustain its monopolistic standing and continues to define the oil prices, speaks volumes about its clout in world affairs. ii. Well-knit grouping: Though Ecuador and Gabon had to leave the grouping on account of some differences of opinion, but the rest of the group is still intact all through these years, despite having serious differences amongst some nations like Iran and Iraq, Kuwait and Iraq etc. The group seems to have developed good mutual understanding on protecting the economic interests of the member states. iii. Big say in deciding oil prices all over the world: OPEC certainly has a control in deciding about the oil prices and quantity to be produced in such a manner that while fulfilling the demand for fuel, the member states are also able to command a good price for the product. iv. Membership has a Premium Value attached with it: Though many countries have been

Case study of Jack Welch at General Electric Essay

Case study of Jack Welch at General Electric - Essay Example According to this definition, Welch partly fulfilled the corporate social responsibility. In the Welch era, the General Electric Company fulfilled numerous responsibilities to the society. For instance, the company fulfilled its economic responsibilities by paying taxes worth 5.7 billion US dollars in 2000, and enriching shareholders and pension funds to its employees. In addition, the company enriched its managers, transforming them into multimillionaires. Additionally, the company was involved in sponsorships in 2000 where it established a charitable institution, the GE fund, which completed 40 million US dollars in donations to educational institutions and non-profit organizations in United States. However, General Electric Company under the Welch era can be criticized for its lack of corporate social responsibility. Welch’s leadership was not appeasing to everyone for numerous reasons. He was regarded as a ruthless employment cutter where he laid off a mass of employees during his tenure. Needless to say, he also emphasized on globalization where he transferred labor to low wage countries. This created unemployment within the society and loss of labor within United States. The defective evaluation system and the pollution in the Hudson Rivers also constituted a lack of corporate responsibility to the society. Though no company ever achieves this paragon, General Electric Company should have endeavored to attain it. In order to achieve this, the Welch should have devised a fair evaluation system that would reduce the rate of layoffs in the company and motivate its employees, and device other environment friendly disposal methods that would reduce pollution to the society. The General Electric Company under Welch illustrates a constricted standpoint of corporate social responsibility nearly similar to friedman’s perspective that the only corporate social

Blog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Blog - Essay Example There are still many people who are white supremacists and are racist against people of all different nationalities. Whether it be a group of African Americans, Asians, Pacific Islanders, Arabs, or Native Americans, people still racially oppress these groups. It is a system of hierarchy and allows for white people who primarily came from Europe into the American mixing pot to claim what they thought was theirs, no matter who they had to take from. Many whites still express racism in many different forms. Individuals may have no reason to hate or be prejudice against others but based on stereotypes that they have heard in the media, it is still present. The only thing that the arrogant white people have against these individuals is the color of their skin. Though many whites this far into the future may have ties to other cultures by having an American Indian great-great-grandparent or an ancestor of a different race. The whites turn a blind eye. It is evident in songs, films, text and even in sporting teams. White people do not always take into consideration that the fact that their team might be the Atlanta Braves could be offensive to the American Indian cultures. It is common for people in power to have a sense of oppression. There have been instances of individual violence and economic power. It creates an unequal distribution of power. For example, Barack Obama was the first black President and for many there have been situations where they have acted out and been prejudiced toward black people just because a person of their race has a place in power. But why has there not been a President that is a Native American? The Native Americans are given a different type of rights. Many still live together in order to share their heritage on reserves. Other Native Americans may feel that they are not good enough. They may not teach their children the stories of their past or instill their cultural beliefs. The generations may

Characteristics of Business Leadership Research Paper

Characteristics of Business Leadership - Research Paper Example It is after this that Steve struggle with the board for directors and left for NEXT Company which is, a computer plat-form development firm that specializes in higher education and business markets. Apple Computer Company was invented and established by Steven Jobs and Wozniak who formed it in his won garage since there was a challenge in raising more funds for its expansion compelling the company to look for more funds and resources for its expansion. Another challenge was insufficient competent personnel, and in this case, the Apple Two companies began looking for an experienced and a competent executive who could help them manage its expansion (Linzmayer, 2004). Therefore, the success and the growth of Apple Company at that time were met severely by insufficiency of both human and financial capital. As a consequent, Steven Jobs encountered a personality challenge of indiscipline and temperament which adversely affected the relationship between him, his workers and the general soci al environment within the company which incapacitated him on the daily running of the business. This led to a decline in the output of the company resulting to a slump in 1980s. Leadership Styles Used By Steve Jobs Steven Jobs throughout his life depicted an autocratic leadership style which realized especially because of him not making any assumptions and down to earth leader. Moreover, based on his leadership and managerial style, he was not boisterous and thus, he understood clearly the need for strong personal relations (Arnold, 2012). Steve Jobs were also identified as a transformational leader due to the fact that he is passionate and enthusiastic about his work. He is also known for creating visions and injects energy and motivation into his stream to ensure effective management. Apple Company developed a competitive culture especially at the work place, and this was as a result of jobs competency. Jobs control extended as far as the structure and design of the company bus an d necessities such as food served at the cafeteria. Within the company, Steven Jobs practiced and encouraged the concept of strictness that resulted into greater accountability into the entire organization. This was carried out through the frequent meetings especially on Mondays with various executives to set the main objectives for the week (Beahm, 2011). Similarly, to put this in place, the executives formed some agenda and at the same time the meetings also reviewed each and every product that was under development. This therefore, led to high out put in terms of quality and competence among the employees in the organization. Employees were recruited into the firm as specialists and were assigned duties based on their specific abilities and strengths, and this also helped in making feel motivated as they enjoyed whatever they were doing in the organization (Young & Simon, 2005). As a result of honesty accountability and transparency, the organization started to enjoy the global m arket. Steve jobs was also strict and encouraged competent work among his employees hence this created an environment for competent work, producing quality products that sell easily in the global market encouraging Jobs to exert all his control over every aspect of the business. As a Consequent, Steve jobs encouraged a working culture whereby there was a devoted employer-employee relationship and rapport in areas such as communication between the management and the employees, problem

Demonstrate A Range Of Communication Essay Example for Free

Demonstrate A Range Of Communication Essay When meeting an individual patient’s communication needs, a range of methods must be used. On the ward I work on, patient A has a long history of putting this in her ears, because of this she has an impairment of her hearing. This impairment can affect her emotional wellbeing, she often becomes frustrated when be spoken to due to not being able to hear people clearly. To communicate with Patient A more effectively, I would take into consideration my positioning, making sure I am standing face on to her. From my experience I have found this alone works however I have considered using pictorial aids, referral to the GP for a hearing aid and written communication.

English Tort Law Imposing Liability Law Essay

English Tort Law Imposing Liability Law Essay This essay will address the question by exploring cases dealing with occupiers liability, vicarious liability and psychiatric harm. I intend to focus on narrow aspects within these three areas of law allowing a deep critical analysis. Occupiers liability, in my opinion, is an area of law that imposes too much liability in cases involving trespassers. I dont doubt that there must be liability for the homeowner who invites someone onto their land and fails to provide a safe environment which is seen in statute such as the Occupiers Liability Act 1957, duty to take such care as in all the circumstancesto see that the visitor will be reasonably safe in using the premises.  [1]  However, tort law insists that an occupier can be held liable for personal injury suffered by trespassers because of the state of the land and this is where I believe the Occupiers Liability Act 1984  [2]  takes the principle of the 1957 Act and stretches it too far. My first critique of this aspect of to rt law is the conflict it has with criminal law. It seems incoherent that in a criminal court a home owner whose land has been trespassed on, perhaps by a burglar, will be considered the victim and duly have the sympathy of the court and yet be cast in the role of villain in a civil court. Leon Green describes how an occupier will, insist[ing] upon the intruders own wrong andinvoke[ing] his own immunity from any duty to exercise active care in behalf of a trespasser.  [3]  He then goes on to say, Assuming the intruder to be a wrongdoer, the landowners position would seem unassailable.  [4]  This journal dates back to 1917 before statute had imposed occupiers liability but the sentiment holds true. Why should the victim be held accountable for the criminals injuries in cases where there has been no active action on the part of the occupier? The negligent state of the land and arising liability should, in my opinion, be limited to lawful visitors and trespassing children, who cannot be held to the same standard as adults, if only for policy reasons. A clear message needs to be sent to unlawful visitors; crime does not pay. Why recompense them in any way from an illegal venture? Not only does it not dissuade criminal behaviour it is also wholly unfair to impose this liability on a home owner. Additionally, I would argue that when comparing occupiers liability to other areas of tort law, such as pure economic loss, it becomes clear that comparatively occupiers liability allows too much liability. The case of Weller Co.  [5]  established that a person cannot claim for pure financial loss if that loss is unaccompanied by physical damage. It seems reprehensible that innocent victims of negligence cannot claim damages from those whose, shoulders are broad enough to bear the loss,  [6]  and yet homeowners can be held liable for the injuries of trespassers. Tort law insists that innocent victims of pure economic loss must accept the financial loss as bad luck. Why is this principle not extended to trespassers? Those who trespass on land with the intent to commit a crime cannot claim to be innocent of the misfortune that may befall them. This awareness combined with the illegality of the act is enough in my opinion to put any injury that befalls a trespasser down to bad luck with, in my opinion, no liability to the homeowner. If tort law will not help the innocent it seems foolish that it is so willing to help the guilty and this yet another reason why I believe tort law imposes too much liability. Furthermore, I believe there is too much tortuous liability for occupiers in this area of the law and this can be seen in the conflict with the absolutist nature of property law. This view is seen in Semaynes case: The house of everyone is to him as his castle and fortress.  [7]  This principle has always come with certain restriction as English property law has never recognised total dominion over land. The 1957 and 1984 Occupiers liability acts impose a safe standard of maintenance of property. However, I put forth the argument that a landowner who has paid for the privilege of a property right should not be compelled by the law to prevent trespassers being injured. Property law does not enforce positive covenants as they are considered an erroneous duty, why then, should the occupier, who is doing nothing, bestir himself to look out for the safety of those who come upon his premises? Why should they not look out for themselves, as they would do anywhere else, except as to negl igence of those pursuing an active course of conduct.  [8]  I believe this burden should be alleviated and that occupiers should be allowed to spend their money, not on lawsuits, but on their property. Surely that is the prima facie benefit of owning land? Insisting that occupiers are liable for trespassers does not sit well with the absolutist history of English property law as it presupposes that money be spent in a certain way to prevent injury. I do not believe tort law should add further restrictions to property that is already subject to the laws of planning permission, restrictive covenants, nuisance etc. I believe tort law imposes too much liability and needs to strike a better balance with occupiers property rights. Another area of tort law where there is too much liability, in my opinion, is vicarious liability for employers. I am not challenging the belief that employers should be liable for their employers, to an extent, however I do believe greater limitations need to be put in place as employer liability is far too expansive. The law currently insists that employers are liable for any tortuous act committed by their employees as long as the act is within the scope of employment. Even in cases where the employer has done his utmost to prevent any negligent behaviour from his employee the law still holds him accountable such as in the case of Whatman v. Pearson.  [9]  Vicarious liability is an important aspect of tort law, as employer insurance means the claimant has a higher chance of being paid damages. However I struggle to accept an area of the law that so transparently undermines the crucial principle of causation. The law has had trouble establishing what employers should be liable for and I believe to make liability just and fair, vicarious liability should only apply in cases where the employer had some measure of control over the actions of the employee for example, authorising the act. Acts that involve the work environment but are actually entirely removed from the employers scope of awareness, for example the fraudulent dealings of the defendants in Lloyd v. Grace, Smith Co.  [10]  , would therefore fall outside the employers scope of liability. This would allow for fairness for the employer, something which I believe has been disregarded in the development of vicarious liability, because as it is the law imposes too much liability in this area. Moreover, I believe that tort law imposes too much liability in placing the burden of liability on the employer as this reduces the employees accountability for his actions. The practice of indemnity is in place but prima facie, vicarious liability effectively negates an employees legal culpability as despite sharing liability damages are most likely to come from the employers insurance. Legal theory has taught us that laws play their part in shaping social dynamics and surely what is needed to improve society are laws that ensure people are held responsible for their actions. The practice of vicarious liability, though coherent regarding policy reasons does not deal with the human reality of being legally and socially culpable for ones actions. It seems to me that vicarious liability is yet another area of the law that supports the notion of passing the buck and the way to reduce acts of negligence is to hold the actual tortfeasors, the employees, financially responsible. Take the J apanese model of employer liability as described by Joseph Sanders and Lee Hamilton, Japanese law stresses individual responsibility for corporate crime and rarely holds the organization responsible.  [11]  As long as employees are aware that any tort of negligence they commit during the course of employment will be recoverable from the employer they will never be inclined to be diligent to the best of their ability. It is for this reason I believe that tort law imposes too much liability on employers. I believe the area of psychiatric injury is one area of tort law where there is far too little liability. For a claim regarding psychiatric injury to be actionable the claimant must have either been a primary victim who was a foreseeable victim of psychiatric or physical injury or a secondary victim who meets various criteria. These criteria are laid down in Alcock v. Chief Constable of South Yorkshire  [12]  and are that there is a loving bond with the claimaint and the primary victim, proximity to the accident and that the psychiatric injury occurred as a result of seeing or hearing the accident with eyes and ears. Secondary victims have to jump through hoops to prove they deserve recompense for a psychiatric injury and this seems to suggest that the judicial system does not hold psychiatric injury in the same regard as physical injury. The law commission states, although psychiatric illness is often more debilitating than physical injury, the message conveyed by the prevailing rules is that mental and emotional wellbeing are of less account than physical integrity.  [13]  Perhaps the recalcitrance of the tort system to consider psychiatric injury as equal to physical injury, and therefore increase liability, is because of the residual stigma associated with psychiatric injury as well as the fear of floodgate liability. Whatever the reason, a system that differentiates between the two forms of injury is in my opinion a flawed system as both are forms of injury that should be dealt with uniformly. Lord Lloyd remarks that, there is no justification for regarding physical and psychiatric injury as different kinds of injury,  [14]  and yet the liability for both forms of injury is still imbalanced. Furthermore, why should different rules apply to primary and secondary victims? Should forseeability, causation, establishment of harm etc not be the core principles in establishing liability? As H. Teff states, in distinguishing between primary and secondary victims tort law, allows artificial criteria to displace the more natural question: should the defendant be liable to the plaintiff in all the circumstances?  [15]  I believe tort law offers too little liability by erecting false barriers that prevent victims from attaining damages. Cases such as Alcock  [16]  and White and Others v. Chief Constable of South Yorkshire  [17]  are evidence of the unfair system at work. Both cases involve innocent victims who were denied damages as liability was not imposed because crude, superficial criteria were not meant. As long as the harm to the victim was caused by the defendant and the damage to the victim was foreseeable then I do not believe there should be any differentiation between primary and secondary victims. The flaws of tort laws attempt to make a distinction between between primary and secondary victims is summed up by H. Teff who states, Instead of discriminating against foreseeable secondary victims, the law should reflect the fact that, often, the altruistic source of their reactions makes them at least as deserving as many primary victim Until the current legal system looks to a new and fairer model of liability regarding psychiatric injury the liability imposed will never be enough. Another fault with the tort system in how it deals with psychiatric injury is that the limits imposed for liability are too restrictive and the reasons behind the restrictions not particularly persuasive. The law refuses to relax the criteria for liability with no real explanation as to why bar a fear that laxer criteria will open up the floodgates of litigation. However H. Teff, referencing B.F. Hoffman  [18]  and the Law Commission, Consultation Paper  [19]  , explains why he does not think this is a real cause for concern, The enduring, if diminished, stigma associated with psychiatric illness inhibits many would-be claimants, and the risk of exposure through increasingly refined techniques of psychological assessment has reduced the risk of undeserving claimants succeeding on the strength of loose medical definition.  [20]  So if one accepts that the floodgate argument, for imposing such rigid criteria before there can be criteria, is unsound then one must also accept that the current law imposes too little liability as a result. Furthermore, many of the criteria regarding psychiatric injury are archaic and arbitrary. For example, Mullany noted that, The psychiatric literature does not allow the assertion that the impact of trauma is inevitably more severe if directly perceived  [21]  and yet tort law has stubbornly held onto the criteria that the event causing injury must be perceived with the senses, refusing to allow development and change in line with new understandings of psychiatric illness. Cane argues, how can we justify a rule which requires mentally traumatized people to go to court and prove that they have strong feelings of love and affection towards another?  [22]  The old attitudes to psychiatric harm are no longer justifiable and so a criterion that is insensitive to the needs of those suffering injury must be criticized and adjusted. The criterion that the event causing psychiatric harm must be sudden  [23]  again seems arbitrary, a rule designed for no other purpose but too limit liability. Harvey Teff argues, The laws current stance effectively penalises those whose illness involves a more prolonged reaction to an event or events closely connected with the defendants negligent conduct.  [24]  These are but a few of the criteria imposed before there can be liability and I believe they serve to show that as Harvey Teff states, the current rules are, At odds with psychological reality, amount(ing) to no more than unprincipled line-drawing.  [25]   I have attempted to give both sides of the question equal attention and in doing so this has led to me to the conclusion that one cannot say tort law as a whole imposes too much or too little liability. I believe that psychiatric injury is too restricted in its liability and vicarious and occupiers liability are too expansive. In these areas I believe reform would be welcome however one must recognise that no legal system is perfect and the tort system could be far worse.

Billions and Billions :: Economics Economy Reproduction Essays

Billions and Billions Go to Hiroshima of the Frogs It was announced recently that the 6 billionth person was born into the world. The numbers of people born within this past century, are staggering. There have been more people born during this century than any previous one. How much suffering would there be if the Great Depression of the 1930's happened in today's world with so many people vulnerable to famine and starvation? Would the governments be able to provide for all of these people? It is disturbing to note that the earth has such a large population. How many people is too many people? If we look at the animal kingdom, species prey on other species, and populations remain fairly the same unless man has tipped the balance one way or another through industrialization or hunting. Man's presence in the environment seems to have no fail safe device for the overpopulation of people, however. Will we keep breeding and breeding until the capacity of the earth is full? Will there will be enough water and food ? Conditions may become m uch worse than during the the Great Depression. People need to stop having too many children. But how can we deprive someone of their right to reproduce? Natural occurrences such as drought, hurricanes, earthquakes, and volcanoes take a large number of lives. Yet mankind is getting better and better at predicting these events and saving many lives. There are earthquake proof buildings, shelters from hurricanes and Doppler radar to predict floods, tornadoes and hosts of other conditions. Sickness and disease used to be another way Mother Nature kept populations in balance. In today's modern world, we have vaccines, hurricanes and Doppler radar to predict floods, tornadoes and hosts of other conditions. Sickness and disease used to be another way Mother Nature kept populations in balance. In today's modern world, we have vaccines and drugs. People today live nearly twice as long as they did in the beginning of the century. Mankind and its pursuit of progress has surpassed Mother Nature as controller of the planet's destiny. We have an awesome responsibility in today's modern world just to figure out how many people is too many people an d what the capacity of our planet is. Perhaps, subconsciously, our collective brain has determined a way for our populations to remain just below the critical level. We may be taking lessons from the whales.

Appeal for Academic Reinstatement :: Letter of Appeal

I was very disappointed at myself after received dismissal letter from State University. I felt that I let down not only myself, but also my family who hoped for me to earn a bachelor degree from such a great school as Ohio State. There were several reasons that led me to difficulty and lose concentrate in studied. During the time I studied at Ohio State, my older sister who I lived with received the bad news about losing her teaching assistance job at Ohio State. She was the only one who helped support me at that time. My sister was the one who pays rent and most of utility bills. I did help her pay some of the bills and groceries as I only worked minimum part-time. Since my sister was not able to continue her teaching position at that time, I help pay most of the bills included the rent. I certainly did not prepare for the situation and ended up have to start working more so I can help out my sister pays the bills. At the same time, my mother who lives in Thailand also suffered fro m the breast cancer which cost my parents a lot of money for the surgery and medical bills. My parents were in no place to help me or my sister with living costs and expenses here in the United States. Since my sister had only a student visa, and was not a U.S. citizen, I was the only one that could legally work and pay most of the rent and other bills. Working long hours did affect me psychically and emotionally. I lose both of my free time and study times. As I did not plan for the situation included poor time management, I ended up work more and spend less time studied than I should. I know that I struggled to keep up with classes and missed many classes. I did not think it through and thought that I could manage the situation on my own. I did not let anyone know about my situation or seek any help from any instructor or advisor. I ended up with poor academic performance and received bad grades which lead me to academic dismissal. I feel regretted and only wish that I could have made a better decision. After dismissed from Ohio State, I continued to work for whole summer. My sister later received her teaching assistance job back, and could continue her study at Ohio State.

Lynching and Native Americans :: Essays Papers

Lynching and Native Americans The first Spanish explorers in North America found the continent already inhabited. Native Americans had migrated throughout the western world for thousands of years. This migration came to an abrupt halt when Europeans took over and claimed this part of the world as their own. Though the Native Americans helped many Spanish and French colonists, whom they taught how to hunt, fish, and take care of themselves, these new â€Å"discoverers† still took the land, violated their hosts and began a frantic hunt for natural resources. By the seventeenth century in many of the early colonies, there were three times as many whites as Indians. This ratio increased steadily with the arrival of more and more Europeans. In his essay  ­Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬Å"Native Americans, New Voices: American Indian History, 1895 to 1995† R. David Edmunds writes: [I]n 1893, both the frontier and Indian people seemed to be part of the past†¦In 1890, the United States Bureau of the Census had reported that the frontier had vanished and that the Indian population had fallen to 248,253. Native Americans had played a major role in the history of the frontier, but the frontier was gone. For Turner and other historians, Indian people and their role in American history were also on the road to oblivion. (Edmunds 717) President Andrew Jackson created the Indian Removal Act of 1830. This act gave territory, in what is now Oklahoma and Kansas, to Native Americans who would give up their â€Å"ancestral holdings†. This act guaranteed that the Indians could live on the new land as long as they wanted. Many refused to leave their homelands and these Native Americans stayed to fight a losing battle that usually ended in death and destruction. The Europeans eventually stripped the Native Americans of much of their lands. In their efforts to retrieve their land, Native Americans who fought back over time were subjected to numerous forms of violence, such as raping, scalping and lynching, among other acts. Nevertheless, groups such as the Lokota, Sioux and Cheyenne have historically and continue to fight European and white invasion and to organized movements and groups to this end. One such movement was the American Indian Movement (AIM) which reached it heights in the 1960s and 1970s. This movement had powerful men and women leaders. For example, a region activist in this movement was Anna Mae Pictou Aquash.

Analysis of Passion Diptychs

The front surface has three registers with ‘each crowned by a cusped arcade with five hanging capitals and six recreated apertures' which ‘means that the enter of each composition is aligns with a capital'. The first direct visual impression left on a beholder is that the diptych is a representation of an ordered chaos. It Is ordered because It Is systematically divided Into three registers on each wing with each register having six recreated apertures equidistant from each other and symmetric.On the contrary, it seems chaotic because unlike some other passion diptychs, each individual registers are not bordered inside (or split according to the number of apertures) to explicitly show different scenes. Instead, in most registers in his diptych, different scenes are interposed which makes an interesting narrative and, comparatively, leads to a chaotic On a good way) display In an otherwise neatly bordered and systematic diptych.This type of representation, In each composit ion, also portrays a lively sense of movement to the traditional scenes which are otherwise portrayed in an iconic style. This diptych is read left to right across the wings and from the top to the bottom without changing directions. Although it is of a ‘normal' directional impulse, the implications of reading the scenes horizontally sakes It easier and provides a potential to understand and meditate on horizontal and vertical relationships between registers.Interestingly, an absence of Interior dividers not only provides more space and therefore, more creatively but also leads to an increased scope to form thematic relationships between registers without confusion. The first register is a rather unusual start to a Passion diptych because most of them usually start with the ‘Entry Into Jerusalem' or an event that Is directly related to the death of Christ. However, both, this diptych and the â€Å"Abbreviated Passion Diptych† egging with the Resurrection of Lazaru s (fig. 1). Both the diptychs have Mary and Martha thanking Jesus for what he's done.In the Dormouse diptych, a disciple or onlooker can be seen scratching his head in bewilderment and amazed at the fact that Lazarus has resurrected. Lazarus is half out of the tomb that held him holding the cloak of Jesus, who is compassionately looking at him while Lazarus does look tired as If woken up from an unfinished sleep. This section of the first register stimulates trust and dependency because Jesus, although he's Ralston someone from he dead, is calm but also compassionate which agrees to the fact that ‘He loved Him' and shows His humanity.The next scene in the first register is the ‘Entry to Jerusalem' where a person can be seen laying down his cloak and the people ‘on the wall', which denotes people in the city watch excitedly for the entry of their Savior. Interestingly, the scale of Jesus and his disciples, and the other half- the people and larger than the people ha iling his entry. Noticeably, Jesus head is held high, Just as a king nobly receives the respect he is due while he also greets them and accepts their joyous praise.However, this is a sharp contrast from the previous scene – The raising of Lazarus – which is relatively melancholy and calm, suddenly turning to erupting praise which provides an interesting twist in the prayer of the beholder. Continuing on, the next register shows the Washing of the Apostles' Feet' . At this instant, Jesus is probably talking to Simon Peter, as is recorded in the gospel of account of John in which he is initially taken aback and refused to have his foot washed by Jesus but when Jesus insists and gives his reasoning, Peter agrees to it.The mood is very ember and to a degree, awkward, as Jesus is doing something very unexpected of a leader. Incidentally, In stark contrast to the ‘Entry to Jerusalem', where Jesus is being ushered and hailed as King with his head held high, in this scen e, Jesus' head is tilted down, and he is missing his outer garment – his cloak. In this scene, Jesus is kneeling down before his disciples, humbling himself before them and washing the dirt of their feet. To the beholder, this reminds him of the nature of Jesus, that he being God and master of the apostles, humbled himself to wash their feet.A viewer s reminded and encouraged in the fact that if Jesus showed that the way of the kingdom is serving, then he too, must serve willingly. Furthermore, unlike the previous scene where Jesus is a ‘head above' the disciples, in this register, he is placed at the same height showing that he humbled himself to their level. The third register is the event of ‘The Last Supper' which consists of two scenes : Firstly, Jesus foretelling that one of them would betray him. He is seen dipping the bread at the same time as Judas, his betrayer (Matthew 26:23). Secondly, Peter is seen leaning onJesus' breast as He breaks it to him that h e will be betrayed and in the process, be denied by Him three times. Here, ten of the disciples seem a bit merry as they enjoy a feast with Jesus. However, Judas looks at Jesus with a mix of guilt and deceitfulness while Peter has his eyes closed, visibly sad that his master is going to be betrayed and that he would deny him three times in the process. The diptych continues onto the ‘Agony in the Garden' at Statement where Jesus is praying, fearing for the punishment that he will bear, while his disciples sleep.The three disciples in front' of him are Peter, James and John while the other eight are ‘behind' Jesus. The trees are curved in order to use the available space and is shown in a smaller scale to the disciples and Jesus creating a background that helps imply that they are in a garden. This scene shows the humanity of Jesus; where he is looking up towards heaven, with his arms raised, wide awake, asking for help as he is visibly troubled. Interestingly, there is a contrast between this register and the previous one.Unlike the last supper, he disciples here are asleep and hence, to a degree, the mood is a bit dull and dreary. However, for Jesus, it is a tense night as He gains his strength from the Father. This encourages a beholder to find His strength in God through prayer when from all around support is waning, lacking or even absent. Onwards, the next register, ‘The Betrayal of Jesus' shows three scenes simultaneously with Jesus presented only one time, making an interesting Juxtaposition of various scenes in one register.In the background are two soldiers who are of a slightly lower height which ivies a more realistic sense of scale to the whole composition. Peter looks on with and Jesus has rebuked him for that act. The disciple next to Simon Peter is seen as restraining him to attack anyone else. Furthermore, the betrayer, Judas Chariot leans in to kiss Jesus while Jesus tilts his head downwards to receive the kiss. Jesus looks a t him disappointedly while Judas looks with guilt and remorse as he slowly comes to the fact that he is betraying his master and God.At the same instance, Jesus is healing Mulches who is shown writhing in pain. Onto the next scene in the same sister, Judas Chariot, overcome by his guilt hangs himself on a tree, naked, with his intestines and innards coming out. There is a burst of activity in this diptych as there are a lot of intense activities occurring simultaneously. If the previous register was tense because Jesus was apprehensive of the wrath He would take on, the scenes in this register are even tenser with almost a deceptive calmness that Jesus shows in every composition.Incidentally, this diptych has no scene representing the flagellation of Christ or the trying of Him at a counsel and goes straight ahead, after he betrayal, to the crucifixion of Jesus. In the register containing the crucifixion, two major scenes occur simultaneously. Firstly, Mary is swooning and is suppor ted by women who have come to see of her son. Secondly, a dead Jesus, flanked by Longings, the Roman soldier who pierced Jesus' side, with his spear leaning on his far shoulder, on the left side, who is convinced of his deity and on the right, Stephan, who offered Jesus sour wine to abate his pain.The soldiers flanking him and the women on the left mourn his death radiating sorrow. Moreover, this composition, in n observer, invokes a feeling of gratitude on meditation. Gratitude, because of the humanity of Jesus, who suffered a horrendous death and took on God's wrath so that all could be redeemed by God through Christ. It also stimulates praise and love when one imagines the degree of humility that Jesus underwent to do what He did on the cross. Interestingly, comparing the bottom two registers, Judas is similar to Jesus hanging on a cross as both have their heads slumped to the left.However, Chrism's torso is bare but his abdomen and loins are covered while Judas' torso is covered while his abdomen and loins are bare. Additionally, Judas' hands are turned out which is similar to the orientation of the hands of Mary, who is despairing, too. Similarly, there exists another diptych, the ‘Passion diptych in three registers (135()-75)' which in form is different from the Dormouse diptych as it has five apertures. Apart from the form of the diptych, this passion diptych varies a lot in terms of expression from the Dormouse diptych. The Dormouse diptych contains a range of emotions and passions.From somberness to Joyous rapture to an awkward tuition – it has it all. However, the ‘Passion diptych in three registers' mostly continues along without much changes in individual expressions of horror or happiness, of Joy or sadness. Additionally, unlike the Dormouse diptych, this diptych doesn't have the cruciform halo and doesn't contain scenes such as the ‘Raising of Lazarus' and ‘The Hanging of Judas'. Furthermore, this diptych also lacks difference in scale and precise proportions that distinguishes itself between a good and great diptych.For example, in the last register, the swooning Virgin is seen as tender, restfully falling into the hands of the women supporting her. However, in this Passion diptych, it seems like she's standing with her eyes closed. In conclusion, the Dormouse diptych is a wonderful piece of gothic ivory that is unrivalled not only each composition provides and produces and how the visual complexity of this diptych make the study of its images rewarding. ‘ Bibliography Lowdown, John, and John Cherry, Medieval Ivories and Works of Art: The Thomson Collection at the Art Gallery of Ontario. British Columbia: Skillet Publishing, 2008

Poverty and Crime Essay

Poverty can be defined as the deprivation of basic needs or necessities. These are things that are required by human beings for them to survive for example shelter, clothing, food and water. Poverty causes pain and stress to those who suffer from it but according to the Christians, it is seen as a positive thing that makes them more faithful and lack of these properties is deemed virtuous. On the other hand, crime is seen as the violation of rules and regulations of the state. When this is done, the culprit is regarded as a criminal. Acts of crime are punishable by law if one is convicted guilty of committing a particular offense. see more:essays on crime Poverty and crime are interrelated as poverty is an independent variable while crime is the dependant variable and manipulation of one has an effect on the other, that is if poverty is reduced the rate of crime would definitely go down. This research paper is geared towards brining to the light the relationship between poverty and crime. Do they have a correlation? There have been claims that poverty leads to crime and this cannot be denied as in America today, crime prevalence is registered in zones that are inhabited by the poor Americans. It is not a usual thing for a place to have high rate of crime without the cause for it. Poverty is not only confined to the poor third world countries as even in America, United Kingdom and other developed nations there are people who live in penury. In the United States, the poor live in housings known as ghettos and the most affected are the African Americans. Many people refute the claim that poverty is the causal factor of crime. For example in Boston, in the 1830s there were very many cases of crime, which to many was attributed to poverty. This became a challenge to the inhabitants who in a bid to reduce the level of crimes formed charity organizations that were meant for helping these poor people. Many people thought that the poor people are the ones who commit mistakes so these organizations that were formed were designed to reduce the number of African Americans in the war. (Sampson RJ. 1987) In the United States of America, it is reportedly said that the number of blacks in prisons is much higher than those that are in educational institutions. In Boston, it was assumed that because women were the ones who went for charity items, which were given for free by the Boston’s charity organizations. Here, this was not the case as in Boston as the number of women who were imprisoned was 12. 25 percent and not forgetting that this figure comprised women of all nationalities. This research contradicted the much-theorized belief that poverty and crime are related. Some crimes that are associated with poverty do not have a correlation when they are closely scrutinized. These are crimes such as vandalism, arson and wanton destruction of properties. Why would a poor person destroy some properties that could he/she could use? Poor people are forced by poverty to turn to crime. In most assault cases, the victims claim that they lost their properties so it can be confidently be said that the perpetrators are people who cannot afford those commodities and so they think that the only way they could access them is only through assaulting the rich and becoming robbers. According to sociologists, there is a very strong connection between, the crime rate and the families break ups in the United States’ towns and cities. Cities that are occupied by the blacks have reported increase in violent crime rate and this is attributed to the prevalence of the female-headed families. Pager D. 2001) As per the 1980s research, the ratio of whites to blacks that were engaged in violent crimes was not in proportion. According to the 1983 statistics, more murder and assault cases in Chicago took place in areas that were inhabited by the African American and the Latino residents who were low-income earners. This attests to the fact that there is a relationship between crimes and poverty and this is undeniable, if this is not the case, then why is it that areas that are occupied by the poor register so many crimes? The past researches that were done in the 1980s expressed a connection between single parent headed families with crime prevalence and especially in black households. In 1984, all the black families were under female parents and this trend is still growing as the numbers of families with two parents are constantly on the decline. Of all the 360,000 families that lived on five thousand dollars and below, females headed fifty seven percent of them. The ratio of families that were headed by single women between the blacks and the whites were 74 percent to 26 percent. In Chicago, females own most of the poor households and especially the ghettos. So the increase in female households and most particularly those in the ghettos have a relationship between the high rate of dependency and poverty. (Pridemore W. A. and Kim S. W. 2007) A statistical analysis that was done in hundred and fifty cities in America attributes rise in female-headed families to poverty. This is because when men are not employed they move out of these cities and go to look for jobs leaving behind their wives and this causes family disruptions. In turn, this family break-up leads to the rise in crime rates and especially in blacks residential places. Low income contributes to marriage separations as well as divorce cases. Children from families that are headed by a female parent are prone to indulge themselves in juvenile delinquency. When children are raised in poor households they do not even have the proper education that they deserve and this becomes a vicious circle whereby poverty is caused by lack of relevant skills and education. This makes it hard to secure oneself a good job that can help one to achieve their needs thereby becoming even poorer. Marital and family break ups weaken the social control mechanisms that are vital in reducing the crimes rate. When these social control means are in force people look at each other as their brother or sister, they develop a ‘we feeling’ and they protect each other properties. They also help one another to resolve their disputes but when family bonds are weakened, this problem is transferred to the society that is made up of families. The result is that socialism is substituted by individualism or in other words, people become egoistic and everything they do is meant of them and only them. People devise short cuts of acquiring wealth and this means robbery, assault and murder as per the situation demands. George F. Et Al. 2008) When family bonds are strong, both parents assist each other in taking care of the children and they are well socialized to know the social expectations but when households are headed by only one parent, the attention that should be given to the children is divided among other things and it is obvious that when a child lacks proper attention, guidance and counseling, they become juvenile criminals. Therefore family disruptions as a result of poverty leads to rise in female headed families, which in turn leads to juvenile delinquency. In the United States of America, there are some states that have very high crime rate and yet the residents are not poor and there are some states where people are very poor and yet the crime rate is very low. This makes the debate over whether poverty has a relationship with crime very controversial. These claims are contradicted by the research findings on other areas findings in other areas where 53 percent of all the inmates are people from poor areas where they earned about less than 10,000 U. S dollars in a year. According to the economic theory, people weigh options before they commit crimes. It is said that people engage themselves in crime only and only if the anticipated gains are more than the loss. (George F. Et Al. 2008) The obvious logical conclusion that can be inferred from this is that people who are poor and those who live in poverty-stricken households are more prone to community crimes than those who are not poor. Those people who are wallowing in poverty are more likely to commit crimes such as larceny, robbery, burglary and selling drugs and surveillance delinquency. If this is the case, then poor households and prisons should do something to reverse the situation. This is because if poverty level goes up so does the crime rates and this in turn impacts on the prisons that get highly populated with criminals. The government should come up with measures that would help in breaking this relationship because this trend affects the correctional departments. There is no way you can correct the behavior of poor people because they are situational criminals. It is only that they are forced by circumstances to commit crimes. The only viable option of controlling or reducing the crime prevalence is to economically empower the poor citizens. The fact that poverty and crime are interrelated is evident in the case of Detroit city, which is among the poorest cities in the United States of America. Poor citizens inhabit the surrounding area of this town. The system is marred by extreme poverty and loss of social control mechanisms. Most of the students who join campuses never graduate because before they could graduate, they get involved in criminal acts that render some of them in jails. Another thing that leads to the rise of criminal activities is the fact that in societies there are two extreme ends, and these are the rich and the poor. In the United States the gap between the haves and have-nots is very high something that intrigues poor people to steal or engage in other forms of criminal activities just to earn their living. If a rich person is living in close proximity to the poor households, there is high probability that he/she will become a victim of assault, loss of properties and even robbery. This happens because the poor thinks that the rich are the ones who are making them poor and therefore they develop some bitterness that is only resolved by attacking them. (George F. Et Al. 2008) There are various causes of poverty and some of them are high living standards. In most developed notion such as Japan, United States and others, it is not easy to live in cities if you depend on a low paying job. People might be employed but the living standards should be very high. This situation impoverishes the citizens for they find it hard to make the both ends meet. What the government should do is that it should provide those poor American households that belong to the poor with some house allowance so that they can lead a normal life. This would help in reducing the bridge gap the gap between the rich and the poor which unless something is done soon, the gap is still widening. The lack of proper skills and education, limits ones chances of getting a good job Poor people cannot afford to provide for their children with good education that would make them competitive and this is why we should break the vicious cycle of poverty. Many Americans are poor because they cannot secure themselves some good jobs probably because there are no jobs or they do not academically qualify for those jobs. The government should devise ways and means of breaking this cycle. Bursary system or subsidized education for the poor should be provided. This would offer the poor a chance to compete with those from the wealthy households. If this is done the high drop out rate from schools would be reversed as this is what has led to increased juvenile crimes because young children who should be in schools go to loiter in the streets as they cannot even afford to be in school. When these children receive high quality education, they would be able to look for well paying jobs that would help them in uplifting their living standards thereby breaking the vicious cycle. Poverty is partly caused by lack of employment. Another thing that the government should do is to enforce the laws that deal with crimes. The judicial systems should make some reforms that would help it to ensure that justice is upheld. In the 1980s, the judicial system was very reluctant such that criminals received lesser punishment than they deserved something that greatly contributed to the rise in crime. The criminal laws should be made stronger though that they could bite hard. From the research findings, it is evident now that there is a relationship between the rate of poverty and crime rates. Though there have been arguments that indicate otherwise, much of the evidence that has been collected point to the fact that the relationship between the two does exist. There have been claims that there are some states that are very poor and yet there are no high crime rates and that there are others that are among the highest in crime levels any yet the inhabitants not poor. This evidence cannot be downplayed for in every case there must be some exceptions and assumptions that have to be made. Both claims should be weighed well to know which one is truthful and in this case, the truth is that poverty lures people to become criminals.

Haefren-Baum Case

Name of the business: Haefren Baum GmgH Nature of the business: Haefren Baum is a retailer of high quality home furniture located in Cologne, Germany. They have also added three outlet stores in Rhineland, a nearby suburban area. Marketing Analysis: Haefren retails high quality furniture manufactured by Wiegandt has advertised aggressively in order to build and maintain a strong brand image. Haefren benefited tremendously from the successful marketing provided by Wiegandt. Wiegandt has However, because the nature of the product is high-end and durable, sales are subject to fluctuations of the business cycle.During the economic boom leading up to 1993 Haefren, as well as the industry in general, enjoyed strong sales. However, the economic bust in 1993 has slowed sales growth. Decreased consumer confidence caused industry sales growth to decrease from 42. 9% in 1992 to 9% in 1993. Haefren experienced negative sales growth during this period. Haefren has a strong competitive position; h owever, it is quickly deteriorating. The addition of 3 outlets give Haefren an opportunity to capture a wider market than it currently has. However, new competitors entering the market are all competing for stagnant demand.European retailers are also entering the German furniture market which makes it even harder for Haefren to maintain its competitive advantage. Operations Analysis: Haefren obtains its merchandise directly from the manufacturer, Weigandt. Weigandt has provided â€Å"fairly liberal† credit terms which include a discount for early payment (2% 10, net 30). However, they have jeopardized their lose credit terms because of inefficiencies with their receivables, inventories, and fixed assets. A major issue that Haefren needs to address is the delinquency of their customers accounts.From 1993 to 1995, days sales outstanding have increased to 77 days, which is dramatically higher than the 30-day monthly installment terms. This delay in collection is creating cash fl ow problems for Haefren. It is causing them to fall behind on their payments to Weigandt and miss out on significant savings from the early payment discount. The increase in its collection period was expected in 1993 due to the worsening economy. However, the economy is now improving and Haefren’s collection period is still increasing. This signals to inefficiencies within the company’s collection department.Perhaps, they should even consider increasing the down payment required to establish credit. The sluggish sales in the furniture industry can account for the increase in inventory days. Haefren inventory in 1994-1995 stayed on the floor for around 129 days before it was sold. The longer period that they are holding inventory is increasing their cost of goods sold. Not only are they holding inventory for a longer period of time, but they are also underutilizing their fixed assets. Fixed asset turnover decreased for Haefren from 1993-1994. They constructed three new outlet stores which should have helped them with sales.However, due to the sluggish demand, these new fixed assets are not returning the sales they were supposed to. Haefren needs to consider whether these outlets are worth the investments. They could potentially benefit from sending inventory from their retail store to the outlet sooner. Even if they have to sell it at a discount, if they do not lose money on it, the lower revenue would be more beneficial. It appears that Haefren might be experiencing problems with human resources as well. They carry a debt account for notes payables for employees.This account reflects loans that have been made from the employees, or their relatives, to the company. Why are they borrowing from employees? This could potentially come from accrued wages, which would be an even greater issue. Financial Analysis: Haefren’s funding has come from bank loans and utilizing credit from its vendors. Funding needs increased due to the addition of 3 new outlet stores. These outlet stores have increased Haefren’s debt over the three years in questions. Along with this new debt, two of the original partners sold their shares to the other two partners.It seems like there are too many changes going on at Haefren all at once. In regards to cash flows, Haefren is performing poorly. Cash flows from operations are unhealthy and the total cash on hand has declined over the three years in question. Total cash flow from operations is positive, however, they appear to be driven by depreciation. Their negative net income (net loss), is not driving operations cash flow in a positive direction. They are also carrying a great deal of inventory which is consuming their cash. In order for them to drive up net income they need to find a way to decrease their inventories.Accounts receivables are also impacting cash flows in a negative way. A/R have increased each year, which can be attributed to the weak economy. This drag in A/R is causing the m to receive cash-in after cash goes out. Their cash flow problems are evident when analyzing their account payable days. Wiegdant has given them competitive terms (2% 10, net 30), however, Haefren cannot meet those terms. Their account payable days have increased to 66 days. It is taking them twice as long to repay their current liabilities. All of these cash flow problems are having a negative impact on their liquidity.Their quick ratio is increasing from year to year, but it is being driven by inventories. Their Current ratio also appears to be ok; however, it is being driven by accounts receivables. Although they appear to going in the right direction, it is not a good sign for Haefren. Inventories and receivables are also driving down operating margin. The positive cash flow from investments reflects the addition of the three new outlets. Investing in long term assets is a good thing. Ideally, the addition of these assets (outlets) should have led to higher revenues for Haefren . However, they invested in those assets at the wrong time.Their sales growth (revenues) cannot support the addition of the outlets. Weak sales led to a negative return on equity and the addition of the three outlets led to a negative net profit margin. The interest being paid on the current debt in 1995 was 3. 08% of their net sales. Haefren cannot handle any more debt without first making significant changes to their operations. Summary: A weak economy has led to Haefren poor financial conditions. They expanded at the wrong time, right when the economy went sour. They also need to handle their inventories and accounts receivable in order to avoid further cash flow problems.

Career Trends in Information Technology Essay

The information technology industry is always changing and evolving, and 2013 looks to be no different. The dramatic rate of change in technology is great for innovation and increased business efficiency but can also cause problems for many organizations. The new changes and breakthroughs in technology require organizations to hire employees that are experienced and up-to-date on the new technologies. Often, this can pose a challenge for businesses because the talent pool is split between recent grads with little experience or longer tenured employees whose skills may not be up to date with the newer tech advances. A recent study of IT executives conducted by Computerworld outlines what the most popular and in demand tech skills will be in the future. 1. Programming and Application Development 60% of the IT executives surveyed claimed they plan to hire employees with programming and application development skills. This need for programming and development skills stems from organizations trying to implement new programs, products and services. Organizations want to offer their customers the positive experience with their products, and having the newest technology is usually the best way for them to accomplish that. A majority of the industry professionals expressed that they will specifically be looking for people with experience in Java, J2EE and .Net. 2. Project Management 40% of employers plan to hire individuals with project management skills in 2013. It seems obvious that the organizations requiring programming and application development skills will also need individuals to plan, oversee, and execute the new projects and initiatives. Newer technologies lead to increased demand for project managers mainly due to the new projects being more complex. IT executives desire project managers that have a proven track record for success, display leadership, and show great attention to detail. 3. Security Security has been and always will be a major issue for IT leaders. The threat of data and identity theft is very real, and protecting that information is imperative. The increased demand for specialized security individuals can be attributed to more complex systems, larger amounts of data, and organizational policies such as bring-your-own-device (BYOD.) These items will make it more difficult to monitor and keep secure data and information. 27% of IT leaders plan to hire more security professionals in 2013, and the majority of those leaders want the professionals to have expertise in encryption technology, deploying firewalls, threat detection tools, and high levels of business acumen. 4. Help Desk/Technical Support Expected system and program updates for organizations in 2013 will lead to the increased demand for tech support professionals. 35% of IT executives surveyed said they plan to hire help desk or tech support individuals due to the need to monitor and support the new programs and systems created by their organizations. Implementing new systems can lead to questions and confusion when using the systems, and tech support individuals will be necessary to support the increased number of inquiries. Roles of Responsibilities of Employers and Employees Employers and employees work together on a daily basis and have very different roles and duties. These primary roles and duties have remained fairly static over time despite changes in technology that have made business more global and efficient. They define what workers are supposed to do on a daily basis without delving into specific job descriptions and thus establish a foundation for the kind of relationship employers and employees should expect. Employer Responsibilities To provide and maintain * a safe working environment * adequate resources, information, training and supervision * an effective health and safety program * to establish a process for identifying, assessing; and controlling risks To ensure that * relevant laws are complied with * workplace rules, procedures and methods are developed and maintained To prepare and maintain OHS&W policies in consultation with * Health and safety committees * Employees * Elected Health and Safety Representatives * Unions, if requested by an employee * And if the employer chooses, a registered employer association of which the employer is a member, Employees Responsibilities Workers’ responsibilities are: * to not place themselves at risk; * to not knowingly put others in danger; * to follow safe working procedures; * to use machinery and equipment safely; * to not let drugs or alcohol affect their work. * to report any hazards they may notice in their workplace; * to apply any training they have received. Responsibilities Of Employers Towards HSRs And HSCs An employer must:- * Consult any relevant Health and Safety Representatives and Health and Safety Committee on the occupational health, safety and welfare practices, procedures and policies that are to be followed; * Consult any relevant Health and Safety Representatives and Health and Safety Committee on any proposed changes to any workplaces such as: – the workplace itself, plant, substances used, handled, processed or stored; nature of work to be conducted, procedures for carrying out work; where those changes might effect the health, safety and welfare of employees at the workplace. * At the request of the employee, permit a Health and Safety Representative to be present at any interview concerning occupational health, safety and welfare between the employer and the employee; * Permit any relevant Health and Safety Representative to accompany an inspector during a workplace inspection; * Permit a Health and Safety Representative to have access to such information as the employer possesses or can reasonably obtain:- relating to workplace risks, concerning the health and safety of the employees and, when requested to do so, supply a copy of that information to the Health and Safety Representative; * Immediately notify a Health and Safety Representative of the occurrence of an accident, dangerous occurrence, imminent danger or risk; or hazardous situation; * Notify a Health and Safety Representative of the occurrence of any work-related injury; * Provide such facilities and assistance to Health and Safety Representatives as are necessary to enable them to perform their functions under this Act. This includes time off, without loss of income, to perform duties as Health and Safety Representatives, and to attend approved training courses (minimum of 5 days per year). Mechanisms for fast-paced and stressful work environment All of us live incredibly fast paced lives. We commute to work and for many people the ride to work is getting longer as people move to more distant locations in the suburbs and rural areas. The journey to work is complex. Drivers are faced with traffic accidents and jams that often cause lateness. Many employers are not sympathetic to the reasons for lateness. Instead of sympathy they demand that people leave for work even earlier. Once at work, there are enormous pressures to be productive. The nature of many careers is that productivity includes the need to think creatively. However, it can be difficult to think creatively if someone is exhausted and stressed once they arrive at work. According to an article in the September 2005 edition of Scientific American it is suggested that in order to maintain the ability to be productive as well as creative, it is necessary to take a twenty minute break from work and go on a â€Å"mental vacation.† By â€Å"mental vacation† is meant that you close your eyes and imagine your self in the most relaxing, beautiful and serene place that you can. In other words, this is a kind of self hypnosis or visual meditation that actually reduces the levels of stress hormones excreted into the cardio vascular system resulting in the reduction of stress and exhaustion. The article urges that a nap not be taken because this dulls thinking and does not necessarily reduce stress. However, the â€Å"mental vacation† sharpens the ability to think and reason after the fifteen to twenty minute journey is over. In doing this visualization it is important to imagine all of the sensory experiences that would go along with the actual trip. If you are at the beach on your journey, smell the ocean water and hear the sounds of the surf hitting up against the shore. If twenty minutes in one lump of time is too much then a ten minute break will help, especially if repeated during the day as pressure builds up. Working in a fast-paced environment can induce stress in many employees. According to the Helpguide website, people tend to react to stress in three distinctive ways: Some freeze up under pressure, others become frustrated and angry and the remaining withdraw or become aloof. In order to be productive in a high-paced, driven work environment, you must know your own limitations and reactions. Survival depends on developing the right mental, physical and practical skill set to manage any hectic, stressful situation to the best of your ability. Industry-related lawsRegulations Computer Law is concerned with controlling and securing information stored on and transmitted between computers. Computer networks contain and store a great deal of private digital information: data on identities, internet access and usage; credit cards; financial information and information for electronic commerce; technical, trade and government secrets; mailing lists; medical records; and much more. It is illegal to maliciously erase this type of data; acquire proprietary information; manipulate said data to obtain funds illegally, through bank withdrawals and transfers, identity theft and credit card use; and to access and use any of this data for any other reason, without authorization. Computer crime and criminal information law are relatively young phenomena. A first historical analysis indicates that each new development of computer technology was followed by a corresponding adaptation of crime as well as by legislative changes. A short overview – using the example of Germany – illustrates this adaptation of crime and information law to the new information technologies. It also indicates that this process started gradually at first, but then continued at an increasing pace: – From the beginning of the 1950s computers were introduced in industry and administration to control routine processes. As late as 20 years after that time, the first cases of computer manipulation, computer sabotage and computer espionage became known. Only in 1986 did the German legislator react with the Second Act for the Prevention of Economic Crime. – On the other hand, the mass processing of personal data in electronic data banks since the 1960s was soon regarded as a danger to privacy. In Germany, the first law that took this development into account was enacted in 1970. – The open networks of the 1970s soon led to corresponding misuses in the form of â€Å"hacking†, which the Law Committee of the German Parliament could still consider in the Second Act for the Prevention of Economic Crime in 1986. – The mass phenomenon of program piracy came along simultaneously with the spreading of personal computers in the 1980s, forcing the legislator to carry out different reform measures from 1985 onwards. – The use of automated teller machines in the 1980s, too, was immediately followed by new ways of code card misuses, which already represented criminal offenses due to the reforms of the Second Act for the Prevention of Economic Crime. – Today, electronic post services, mailboxes, ISDN as well as the development of close links between data processing and telecommunication are used by neo-nazi groups, perpetrators in the field of economic crime and organized criminals: Computer technology and telecommunication have not only become part of general life, but also of general crime. The changes that these new technologies caused in criminal procedural law do therefore not only concern traditional computer offenses, but all kinds of crime.

The Codex Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Codex - Essay Example By describing brief history of different codices, an attempt has been made to highlight the importance of codex history. Such history will not only provide a better understanding of past work but it will also provide an understanding of the development of ideas as well as a base for future research. Today’s physical form of the book took a series of severe changes of about 5000 years. However, its most popular format has been in the shape of codex i.e. a collection of bounded and covered pages. Just after few hundred years of its creation, the codex book gained a distinct domination over the past well-liked format of papyrus scroll. One important factor that brought the supremacy of codex on scroll was the effective role of Christianity. Christian church took revolutionary steps to distinguish the writings of its holy books from the Jewish influence. They implemented several unique codex formats for its scriptures. Consequently, Christianity spread throughout the history and its codex formats as well. The Romans civilization is considered as the pioneer that used the codices (plural of codex) as personal notebooks e.g. their use in the form of mail etc. For this purpose they used wax-covered pills of wood and stylus. These codices were ephemeral and informal because after using once, they were washed out for their use again. In the history, the first occurrence of the use of the codex is the later part of 1st century when The Romans used the codex for the circulation of educational works. At that time, literary works were carried out through scrolls media which remained dominantly effective till the 4th century. Later on Chinese remained in practice in using of scroll for their literary purposes. Christians also widely used the papyrus codex during 2nd century. Evidences revealed that the most primitive surviving fragments from codices came from Egypt during the 1st and 2nd century (Turner, 1977 and Roberts & Skeat, 1983). An example of egypt