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Salmonella in USA EssayI want to educate the man, farmers and individuals that be at risk of contracting this deadly distemper called Salmonella. At risk individuals such as the elderly, infants, and those with impaired immune systems atomic number 18 more prone to getting a severe illness such as salmonella.Objective and GoalThe objective is to educate the general public, farmers, and consumers of grocery stores, owners of grocery stores, consumers of restaurants, owners of the restaurants, cooks, chefs, nutrient handlers, and educational institutions about the health risks of the bacterium unsoundness Salmonella. My goal for this public educational plan is that the public take the information and learn from it and take the precautions to avoid salmonella. Salmonella disease its transmitted to humans by contaminated feed of animal origin or water.Salmonella disease affects the entire human population but the people at more risk ar children because their immune systems are immature and the elders because their immune system are declining overly people with immunocompromised diseases. People who leave in poor conditions are also in risk of contracting salmonella. After 12 to 72 hours of infection common symptoms of salmonella are febricity, abdominal cramps and diarrhea usually the illness lasts 4 to 7 days. However in some cases the diarrhea may be so severe that the patient needs to be hospitalized if the person its not hospitalized it sewer lead to death.(CDC) Historical OutbreaksSpanish- American war (1898) in all, 20,738 recruits contracted the disease82% of all sick soldiers, 1590 died. A significant number of these deaths actually occurred at training area in the southeastern United States. (History of typhoid fever (salmonella)) South African war (1899-1902) clap in British camps- British troops lost 13,000 men to salmonella the irruption was due to unhealthful towns and farms throughout Africa. (History of typhoid fever (salmonella )). In the early 1900s in New York Mary Mallon was the offset famous carrier of typhoid fever in the U.S. Mary Mallon was a chronic carrier of salmonella she was hired as a cook at several(prenominal) private homes, she work for 7 different families 22 cases of salmonella where reported and one death. (History of typhoid fever (salmonella))These early outbreaks can be attributed to unsanitary living conditions and the bacterial tainting of fodder and water supplies. 1985 Chicago United a Chicago dairy was involved in a salmonellosis outbreak involving 6 pass ons with 16,000 confirmed cases.(CDC) More deep reported outbreaks in the U.S. involve different kinds of salmonella strains, predominantly S. Enteritidis and S. Typimurium. The nerve centre for disease supremacy and barroom has a page with reports of selected salmonella outbreaks for this year it has at least 9 reports.Salmonella infections has increase by 10% in U.S. in the last 15 years its estimated that 2 to 4 millio n cases of salmonellosis occur in the U.S. every year reported and unreported. (CDC) On January 2011 a FDA Food safety modernization act was sing in to law this act establish standards for safe produce, regulates intellectual nourishment facilities, negociate imported foods and recalls of contaminated foods. (FDA) excessively salmonella can be controlled by proper preparation of bird and testicle and avoidance of contamination of other food with uncooked poultry products. Investigation and research studies by the government to mitigate the impact of salmonella Research1- Inactivation of salmonella on tomato stem scars by acidic sanitizing solutions. investigating stem scar sanitisation may represent a worst case scenario model for inactivating salmonella from externally contaminated tomatoes. This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of germicide coating for inactivation of salmonella on the surface of tomato stem scars. (Agricultural Researc services) 2- Biofil m formation by salmonella SPP on cantaloupe surfaces The research demonstrates that cells of Salmonella do not exist as single, solitary organisms, but insteadorganize together into biofilms. These biofilms form quickly on melon surfaces and are difficult to inactivate or remove. The formation of biofilms by cells of Salmonella is likely responsible for the limited efficacy of sanitizers. (Agricultural Researc services) 3- Microbial quality and safety of X-ray irradiation.The research shows that irradiation destroys at least 99% of common foodborne pathogen at bottom approved dosage. These pathogens such as salmonella are associated with poultry, meat and fresh produce contamination. (Agricultural Researc services) The governments of many countries are playing their roles to mitigate the impact of salmonella. In United States the agribusiness (US Department of agriculture) and the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has done coordinated efforts to address salmonella problems. They provoke given some recommendation for the safety of the consumers from salmonella. 1- Wash surface and hands often 2- no cross contaminate 3- cook to safe temperature 4- refrigerate immediately. President Obama signs the FSMA (Food safety modernization act) into law on January 2011. This act gives FDA new and improves authorities and mandates to protect consumers and incite public health. Responsibility for food safety is managed by a complex network of federal, state, local and territorial agencies (Food safety) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Oversees the country Salmonella infections frequence Supports the state and local health departments in outbreaks investigating and elaborates control measures. (Salmonella)The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) All foods imported are inspected Monitors inspections of all plants dedicated to milk late(prenominal)eurization Recommends new techniques for better preparation of foods in food processing plants and restaura nts Controls turtles sales. (Food safety)The US Department of Agriculture Overseas animal health issues Inspect all plant dedicated to pasteurization of ball Is responsible for the quality of processed and slaughtered meat.(Foodborne Illness and disease) The US Environmental Protection Agency Monitors and regulates imbibition water supplies safety.Data Collection TemplateName of the disease __Salmonella____Etiological agent __Salmonella_SymptomsMode of transmissionCausesContributing factorsAge/gender/behaviors that may suffice individuals at riskRecent cases of outbreakFactors leading to recent outbreakTreatmentPreventive measures*fever*abdominal cramps*diarrhea*chills*nausea*vomiting* vigor acheWater and food (animal food, vegetables, fruits)Uncooked chicken or unwashed fruits or vegetablesPoor or unsanitary conditionsOwn a bird or reptileEntire human population more risk children and elders and people with immunocom promised diseases 10 reports during 2012See below (2012 salmo nella outbreak)Animal fecesGrowingconditionsAntibioticsGood diet a lot of fluids andantimotilitydrugsGood hygiene practiceWashing vegetable and fruitsAdequate cooking of meats and eggsSalmonella enteric bacteria its a bacteria that causes diseases in the intestinal tract the bacteria attacks the intestinal wall and inflammation occurs. The symptoms include nausea, chills, abdominal pain, vomiting, muscle aches and fever. Salmonella affects the body by three clinical forms of salmonellosis 1) stomach flu (S Typimurium) 2) septicemia (S. choleraesius) and enteric fevers. Clinical identification of salmonella its done by laboratory test such as biochemical and serological test a stool or blood specimens are planted on an agar media to take root the presence of salmonella also a phenol red test its used.Salmonella treatments are Antimotility drugs to stop the diarrhea and in case that its suspected that salmonella bacteria its in the blood antibiotics are prescribe to kill the bacter ia. Also drinking a lot of fluids to prevent dehydration and eating a healthy diet. During this year (2012) the centers for diseases control and prevention has 10 reports of selected salmonella outbreak investigations a entirety of 1307 individuals are reported infected 264 are hospitalized and 5 deaths. Each of these cases had or still been investigated by CDC to find the origin cause of the salmonella outbreak I altogether going to mention the last 5 of the reports.Salmonella outbreaks 20121- Reported on noble 29, 2012 Mangoes- salmonella braenderup In 16 states 105 persons infected 25 hospitalized 0 deathsInvestigation state public health officials are conducting interviews with ill persons 70% of the ill persons reported eating mango during a week before getting ill. 2- Reported August 17, 2012 Cantaloupe-salmonella Typimurium In 21 states (Georgia state included) 178 persons infected 78 hospitalized 2 deaths (Kentucky) Investigations indicated the chamberlain farms produce, Inc. from Indiana its the source of this outbreak 3- Reported July 23, 2012 Ground Beef- salmonella Enteritidis In 8 states, 40 persons infected 11 hospitalized 0 deathsInvestigations indicate that ground sound off produced by Cargill meat solutions its responsible for this outbreak 4- Reported July,23, 2012 tarry poultry salmonella hadarIn 11 states 37 persons infected 8 hospitalized 0 deathsInvestigation results from laboratory test and trace back findings link a company from Idaho.5- Reported June 21,2012 Live poultry-salmonella MontevideoIn 22 states (Georgia state included) 76 persons infected 17 hospitalized 1 death Investigation Estes Hatchery in Springfield, Missouri its responsible for this outbreak TyphoidalandNontyphoidalSalmonellaStages of SymptomsCauses to lead to outbreaksSymptoms of diseases Cause and EffectSalmonellaFeverChillsPet animals such as reptilesFood contaminated by animal fecesUnsanitaryleaving1-Fever, headache and cough2-High Fever 104 degrees, red spot on the chest diarrhea4-Symptoms start remittal during this stageNauseaAbdominal painVomitingMuscle pain3-Symptoms become prominent ( intimately dangerous stage)Causes of emergence and reemergence of salmonella1- Globalization of food supply (2000- 2002) Cantaloupe from Mexico was associated with a multistate outbreaks of S Ponna infection. 2- New geographic areas unavoidable introduction of pathogens 3- Travelers, refugees and immigrants violate to unfamiliar foodborne hazards 4- Changes in microorganisms evolution of new pathogens, development of antibiotic resistance, the capacity to survive in different environmental conditions. 5- Human population changes population of super susceptible people is expanding, more likely to succumb to bacterial infections. 6- Lifestyle great amount of people eat prepared meals. In some countries, the food service establishments dont follow the food safety and control regulations. (CDC) Recent outbreaks of salmonella infections suggest that the b acteria are not exclusive to poultry and have infiltrated other areas of the food industry. The most commonly reported serotypes, in history and present of salmonella are S. typhi, S. enteritides and S. typhimurium.Outbreaks in the past are largely due to unsanitary water and food supplies and unsanitary way of leaving. Since improvements in food handling, piped and filtered water supplies as was as water/sewage treatment have been made, enteric fever has become relatively rare in developed countries such as United States. Historically, chickens and their eggs are been associated with salmonella in the mid to late 20th century, eggs where the main sources of salmonella enteritidis this is less common now because of thehigh hygiene measures in production of eggs and laying hens are been vaccinated to prevent salmonella colonization. (CDC) The similarities between the past and present outbreaks of salmonella are from animal food sources such as meat, poultry and seafood also the unsan itary ways of preparing them.The symptoms are the same showing a misuse ladder pattern it begins with sudden onset of high grade fever, dry cough and headache and it keeps going to a second, third and fourth stage the most dangerous stage its the third stage where the symptoms become more prominent. A big difference now its that we have more rough-and-ready treatments to control salmonella. Today three types of typhoid vaccines are available 1- inactivated whole-cell vaccine 2- ty21a 3- vi polysaccharide vaccine these vaccines have been shown be 70- 90% effective. (Salmonella symptoms) Salmonella are a group of bacteria that normally live in the intestinal tracts of animals and birds. The bacteria are usually transmitted to people when they eat foods contaminated with animal feces.polluted foods are often of animal origin, such as poultry, beef, eggs or milk. But all foods, including vegetables and fruits, can become contaminated. In order to reduce salmonellosis a food safety app roach its necessary staring from the farms to the consumers table. Industry, farmers, retailers, food inspectors, food workers and consumers are critical links in the food safety chain. The center for disease control and prevention reported 11 cases of salmonella outbreak during this year 2012. 3 of those cases are from live poultry.( Salmonella) Diseases control plan for poultryFarmer food safety plan (prevention, control and hygiene)1- Salmonella control has to start at the farms.2- Pest control sanitation, properly chlorinated water and biosecurity are crucial for controlling salmonella.A. Restricting nark Vehicles People AnimalsB. Biosecurity Dedicated clothing and boots Disinfectant boot dip3- Vaccination of hens used in breeding4- Eggs should be collected and placed in clean or new disinfected trays.5- TestingA. Dust sampling- collecting dust from dust on equipment in the poultry buildingB. Faecal sampling from poultry animalsC. Sampling of boots that walk around the poultry buildingD. Frequency of testing before and after laying eggs its extremely important6- Use acceptable sanitation practiceA. Enforce employee hygieneSalmonella continues to be an issue in poultry processing plants and farms. Each plant /farm is unique and must determine the best way to control salmonella in their operation. Salmonella testing should be done on a regular basis to validate control measures are working. (Controlling salmonella in poultry plants) Preventions for consumers1- Clean- wash hands and surface before handling any food2- Avoid cross-contamination- separate raw poultry, meat and seafood from other foods3- Poultry and eggs should be refrigerator4- Cook- do not eat raw or undercooked meat, eggs or poultry (Salmonella questions and answers) The plan explains the measurements need to be taken by farms or plants by outlining procedures on how to avoid salmonella also prevention and control are monitored by Good agricultural practices and hazard analysis critical cont rol point. By following the guidelines mention the farm and plants owners will reduce health risk to the consumers and prevent in store(predicate) outbreaks of salmonella. Consumers need to be aware of Salmonella reports and practice the prevention tips to avoid been contaminated with the diseases. Also this plan shows the public/consumer the precautions taken by the farms and plants to keep the poultry salmonella free.Feasibility reportSalmonella its a diseases that can be prevented just by practicing good hygiene the educational plan makes emphasis on the following subjects all the historical outbreaks where due of unsanitary way of preparing food and way of leaving. The emergence and reemergence of salmonella its due to several factors including the growing of population and population lifestyle but today improvements of food handling and good sanitation makes harder forthe food to be contaminated with salmonella. (Salmonella) The government has done many different research to d iminish the impact of salmonella in the country food safety its managed by different agencies such as The center for disease control and prevention (CDC), The food and drug administration (FDA), the US department of agriculture, and the US environmental protection agency each of this agencies has a specific job to do. (Salmonella) The educational plan highlights the symptoms, how the disease its transmitted, who its more at risk of contracting the disease also the precautions that consumers need to take and also the treatments used by the health care department again this diseases.Consumer are inform of the different stages of the diseases and which stage its the more dangerous the health care department has specific laboratory test to determine the presence of salmonella treatments are also mention such as antibiotics, a lot of fluids and antimotility drugs and now there are 3 types of vaccines for typhoid salmonella available for the consumer. (Salmonella symptoms) The disease con trol plan discusses strategies which are not economically high-priced and easy to follow by the farm and consumers. The farm will benefit by following each strategy which will help to prevent salmonella and by having salmonella free poultry the farm will not suffer any economic loss the consumer will gain social growth by reading material the educational plan and practicing the preventions listed to avoid salmonella also by reading the many strategies used to prevent and control salmonella in poultry farms.The plan encourage consumers to practice safe preparation and cooking of food specially raw food such as poultry and eggs by practicing the preventions the salmonella bacteria can be kill and stop from spreading. The farms are encouraged to maintain and practice good sanitation in all areas of the plant staring with their employees. In the farms the early interventions are done by following different testing methods and vaccination of hens. The plan presents prevention and contr ol if each farm follows and practices all the strategies this will reduce future salmonella outbreaks from poultry. (Controlling salmonella in poultry plants) Overall the plan presents a good detail safety plan for farmers to prevent salmonella by following this plan salmonella outbreaks will be avoid in the future. The consumers need to educated themselves in this type of diseases and practice the preventions to avoid been contaminated with this diseases call salmonella.AnnotatedbibliographyDavis, C. P. (n.d.). What is salmonella. Retrieved from medicinenet www.medicinenet.com/salmonella/article.htm This article discuss everything about salmonella what is salmonella? How is transmitted to humans, what are the symptoms, how its diagnose and what are the treatments and preventions. Multistate outbreak of salmonella braenderup infection associated with mangos. (2012, August 29). Retrieved from CDC http//www.cdc.gov/salmonella/braenderup-08-12/index.html CDC investigation of multistate outbreak of human salmonella braenderup infection linked to mangos Multistate outbreak of salmonella typhimurium infection linked to cantaloupe. (2012, August 17). Retrieved from CDC http//www.cdc.gov/salmonella/typhimurium-cantaloupe-08-12/index.html CDC investigation of multistate outbreak of typhimurium salmonella associated with cantaloupe Multistate outbreak of salmonella enteritidis infection linked to ground beef. (2012, July 23). Retrieved from center for disease control and prevention http//www.cdc.gov/salmonella/enteritidis-07-12/index.html Investigation of multistate outbreak of human salmonella enteritidis associated to ground beef Multistate outbreak of salmonella hadar infection linked to live poultry. (2012, July 23). Retrieved from center for disease control and prevention http//www.cdc.gov/salmonella/hadar-live-poultry-07-12/index.html Investigation of multistate outbreak on hadar infection associated with live poultry. Multistate outbreak of salmonella capital of Uruguay infection linked to live poultry. (2012, June 21). Retrieved from center for disease control and prevention http//www.cdc.gov/salmonella/montevideo-06-12/index.html Investigation of multistate outbreak on montevideo infection associated with live poultry. Report of selected salmonella outbreak investigations. (2012, August). Retrieved from center for disease control and prevention http//www.cdc.gov/salmonella/outbreaks.html Investigation reports of specific outbreaks of salmonella during this year. ReferencesAgricultural Researc services. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.USDA.gov. CDC. (n.d.). Salmonella. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov.Controlling salmonella in poultry plants. (n.d.). Retrieved from USDA www.fsis.usda.gov Davis, C. P. (n.d.). What is salmonella. Retrieved from medicinenet www.medicinenet.com/salmonella/article.htm Food safety. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.FDA.gov.Foodborne Illness and disease. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.USDA.gov. FDA. (n.d.). The new FDA food safety mod ernization act. Retrieved from www.fda.gov. History of typhoid fever (salmonella). (n.d.). Retrieved from www.globalsecurity.org. Salmonella symptoms. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.salmonellatreatment.org. Salmonella questions and answers. (n.d.). Retrieved from USDA www.fsis.usda.gov Salmonella. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.