Sociology of Education Essay Example for Free

Sociology of Education EssayEducation is a social institution that sociologists argon very interested in resumeing. This includes teaching formal knowledge much(prenominal) as reading, writing, and arithmetic, as thoroughly as teaching other(a)(a) things such as morals, values, and ethics. Education prep ars young people for entry into fiat and is thus a form of socialization. Sociologists want to know how this form of socialization affects and is affected by other social structures, experiences, and outcomes. Sociology of education is a field that foc wasting diseases on two separate levels of analysis. At a macro-level, sociologists attain to identify how various social forces, such as politics, economics, culture, etc. , creates variation in naturalises. In other words, what effects do other social institutions have on the educational system? At a micro-level, sociologists look to identify how variation in school practices lead to differences in individual-level studen t outcomes. That is, when schools have divers(prenominal) teaching methods or have different practices, how does that affect the individual students and what are the individual outcomes? Example of sociological Studies on EducationA classic study by sociologist James Coleman done in 1966, cognise as the Coleman Report looked at the performance of over 150,000 students and found that student background and socioeconomic view were much more than important in determining educational outcomes than were differences in school resources, such as per pupil spending. He also found that socially disadvantaged black students benefited and did better in school when they were in racially mixed classrooms rather than black only classrooms. This ignited controversy that still continues today. major Sociological Theories of Education Like any other topic in sociology, the three major metaphysical perspectives (functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interaction theory) each have differen t views on education. The functionalist perspective argues that education serves umteen important functions in hunting lodge. First, it socializes children and prepares them for life in society. This is not only done by teaching make knowledge, but also teaching the societys culture, including moral values, ethics, politics, religious beliefs, habits, and norms.Second, education provides occupational training, curiously in industrialized societies such as the fall in States. Unlike in less complex societies or in the United States prior to 1900 when most jobs and training were passed on from father to son, most jobs in the United States today ask at least a high school education, and many professions require a college or post-graduate degree. The third function that education serves, according to functionalist theorists, is social control, or the regulation of deviant behavior. By requiring young people to attend school, this keeps them off the streets and out of trouble.The s ymbolic interaction view of education focuses on interactions during the schooling process and the outcomes of those interactions. For instance, interactions between students and teachers toilet create expectations on two parts. The teacher begins to expect real behaviors from students, which in turn can actually create that very behavior. This is called the teacher expectancy effect. For example, if a sinlessness teacher expects a black student to perform below average on a mathematics test when compared to White students, over time the teacher may act in ways that advocate the black students to get below average math scores.Conflict theory looks at the disintegrative and profuse aspects of education. These theorists argue that education is unequally distributed through society and is used to separate groups (based on class, gender, or race). educational level is therefore a mechanism for producing and reproducing inequality in our society. Educational level, according to co nflict theorists, can also be used as a tool for discrimination, such as when potential employers require certain educational credentials that may or may not be important for the job.It discriminates against minorities, trade union movement people, and women those who are often less educated and least likely to have credentials because of discriminatory practices indoors the educational system. The sociology of education is the study of how public institutions and individual experiences affect education and its outcomes. Educational Sociology and Sociology of Education are two branches of study that are sometimes understood as one and the same branch, but they are actually not so.They indeed show some differences between them when it comes to the subjects of their study and the nature of the branches f study On the other hand educational sociology is the branch of study that deals with the various methods providing better education to society through an in depth research of our c ulture and society. Educational sociology is a subject that has to take both the sociologists and the educationists into consideration. This makes the subject an invaluable asset to all the students and researchers of social sciences, particularly sociology and education. It is a general belief that such of those who are involved in a deep study of education leave benefit more from the branch of educational sociologyIn the poem of Okot p Biteks My Husbands Tongue is Bitter is evident in its use of the selfand other. The speaker of the poem is a black woman talking to her husband. The husband sees their colonizers as modern, progressive, cultured and educated. He considers learning English and following their acts would also make him one of them (colonizers), and by doing so, he will acquire the identity of the self. On the other hand, he offended his wife and his own people by citing and ennumerating their deeds as backward, primitive and ignorant.

Daniel Goleman Theory of Emotional Intelligence Essay Example for Free

Daniel Goleman Theory of frantic Intelligence EssayThe light mogul among humans is as alter as their physical abilities. However, unmatched apparent f title is that they all possess some similar characteristics. Psychologists have got often tried to envision humans by studying their behavior and explaining it in terms of sense cognition. As such, it has been argued that the way a person perceives and interprets his physical world, depict and saluteed in behavior, is determined by discussion. However, psychologists are not yet concur on the exact definition of intuition even though there are some hold upon attri barelyes that muckle be attached to the concept. The ability to comprehend complex subjects, handle situations effectively and reason is varied among humans. It is recognized that this variation is substantial but never consistent as an exclusive will exhibit different intellectual performance on different occasions. The concept of password is thus aimed a t rearranging and clear up these complex phenomena. There has been progress with regard to rearranging and clarifying these complex phenomena even though they still do not command universal assent. Psychologists have often focused on cognitive aspects on their digest of intuition.In different words, emphasis has always been laid on such aspects like memory and paradox solving skills. However, some psychologists recognize the importance of non-cognitive aspects in analyzing watchword. In his definition, David Wechsler identifies such factors like rationality, purposeful action and ability to handle the environment effectively as the chief(prenominal) features of intelligence. In his early works, Wechsler identified non-intellective as well as intellective aspects. By intellective and non-intellective aspects, he was referring to social, personalised and affective factors.(Wechsler, 1940 444-445) He further held that the possibility of conquest in life is dependent upon non -intellective abilities. In recent past, a untested aspect has emerged with regard to intelligence and this has been motivated by the need to explain how emotions and thought impact on each other. It is thus in the interest of this paper to look at this aspect of intelligence which has gained prominence in the field of psychology. This new aspect is what has been referred to as worked up intelligence. In this paper, I will look at the evolution, theories and elements of stimulated intelligence. What is unrestrained Intelligence BackgroundThe term randy intelligence was coined by Sa retirey and Meyer in 1990. When they coined this term, they were well aware of the introductory work by other psychologists on non-cognitive aspects of intelligence. In their description of emotional intelligence, Salovey and Meyer gazeed it as the ability of an individual to guide his or her thinking and action through monitoring his or her odours and emotions (and those of others) and compare th em against his own. As such, they considered it a form of social intelligence. The study in this field of social intelligence emerged as a go of research in the field of cognition and affect.Research in this area similarly gained prominence as a result of works by other psychologists who pointed out that there could be a cognitive connection amid mood and judgment. These psychologists suggested that there could be a possibility that when a person gets happy, for instance, he is bound to cognitively judge his past positively thus elevating his moods further. On the other hand, bad moods hotshot to negative thoughts thereby increasing or worsening the condition. Robert Zajonc (1980) suggested that in determining attitudes, relishs played a big role than cognition.His argument was that it is feelings which paid attention to the physical world. This view emanated from an empirical conception of human life. It is a widely held position that it is the senses that is responsible for feeding the brain with information for interpretation. This on the other hand moved(p) or is affected by moods and memory. The influence of mood on memory was examined by Gordon Bower who described an activation model of memory. He observed that happy moods influenced happy thoughts while on the other hand, poor moods influenced sad thoughts.(Bower, 1981) According to him, if angiotensin-converting enzyme was in the state of happiness, he is bound to view his past social actions positively which in turn stimulates positive thoughts. On the other hand, if unrivalled is sad, he is bound to view his past as a series of failures within the social realm thereby increasing his sadness. As such, the state of mind influences attitude and cognition. This analysis by Bower helped in the comprehension and explanation of many another(prenominal) empirical aspects of emotional intelligence. Much contribution in the field of emotional intelligence was brought by salesclerk and Fiskes Affect and Cognition.A de instigateure from research on the interaction between emotion and cognition was label by the study of emotion and thought by social, personality and cognitive psychologists. The concept of defense implement by Sigmund Freud even though put emphasis on the pathological factors, similarly recognized and emphasise on the interaction between thought and emotion. The view that emotions prejudiced and disrupted thought was inherited when the cognition and affect literature surfaced. The idea that emotions and thought caused biasness went hand in hand with the idea that emotions could be adaptative for thought.This went on as inquiries into emotions and thought diverged from an emphasis on psychopathology to normal everyday thoughts and moods. The result was the idea that intelligence and emotions empennage integrate to perform complex information touch that either cannot exert breakawayly. This was the development of the concept of emotional intelligence. Salo vey and Mayer in their attempt to develop accurate and valid measures of emotional intelligence initiated a research program which was in any case meant to explore its significance. Daniel Goleman recognized their work which led to his formulation of the theory of emotional intelligence.Theories of Emotional Intelligence There is a general conception that emotion and intelligence are dickens distinct concepts which cannot integrate. As such, the term emotional intelligence appears as a contradiction. However, emotions often convey messages which can be processed. That is, they signal relations. This assumption reconstructs the term sensible. Philosophers have often inquired into the nature and meaning of emotions and came into a expiry that they define the family relationship between an individual and other members of the society. As such, every emotion defines an individuals relationship with himself and his relationship with others.There is a universality and regularity in th e meaning of emotions. Comprehending the universal meaning of emotions was adopted by cognition and affect researchers. A system which defined joy as a positive feeling which comes after an assurance that an action will be rewarded and relief as a positive feeling which points to the absence of punishment was outlined by Roseman (1984). A similar approach was taken up by Ortony, Clore and Collins (1988) which defined joy as a well being emotion which comes as a result of self reaction to desirable occurrence.Emotional intelligence can be fragmented into quartette branches of abilities. These include perceiving and expressing emotions, integrating emotions in thoughts, comprehending and managing emotions. All these are important in the overall theory of emotional intelligence. Perceiving Emotions Accurate cognition is the get-go step in emotional information processing. The system of emotional perception is a product of evolution built through condemnation so as to facilitate com munication between parent and child. The child therefore learns emotions from the mother.For instance, when the infant smiles, her mother reflects back the kind of face associated with blessed which in this case is contracting the cheeks muscles. As a person grows, he learns to generalize patterns of how emotions are manifested in the physical realm which includes objects, artwork and even other people. For instance, a person whitethorn associate a relaxed shouldered posture with calmness. Emotional integration After the perception of an emotion, it has the capacity to influence cognition at various points of processing. Emotional integration thus focuses on the contributions that emotion withdraws in the reasoning process.Various suggestions have been put forward on how emotions may facilitate cognition. According to Easterbrook (1959), Mandler (1975) and Simon (1982), emotions provide an impulse to prioritization. (Tad. In whoremaster D. Mayer, Emotions, Intelligence and Emotio nal Intelligence. p. 420) For instance, someone in deep concentration in say, a movie is incognizant of the surrounding environment, even the couch he is seated on. Nonetheless, he may experience a growth sense of anxiety and on hearing the voices of children outside he realizes that he is supposed to be in a psychology class.The interrupting anxiety to some extent is a second processing system independent of the central cognitive system. As such, it enables cognition to direct resources to a problem until and unless a competing response emerges. other way through which emotions help cognition is by functioning as a secondary broth about emotions themselves. For instance, if an artist wants to paint twinge, he reflects back on an experience or scene of suffering and recreates the feeling. The act of mood cycling or mood switching is another way through which emotions result to intelligence.Cognitive system is often refreshed by mood alterations. These mood alterations have a outcome of bringing various emotional tools to handle a particular problem. According to Mayer, a shift in judgment through increasing motivational direction may enhance functioning. (Ibid. 421) A cycling of moods also provides different perspectives on a subject or problem thereby enhancing creativity. Mood can also assist intelligence by providing implicit information on past experiences. As such they act as references in decision making processes.For instance, one may have some facts on a given event but still would not be in a position to rent which of his alternatives is best for him. As such, he reflects back on his feelings towards those alternatives. Emotions thus summarize these past experiences. Comprehending Emotion The circumferent branch to traditional intelligence is understanding emotions. The hypothesis is that there exists a cordial processor whose main function is to understand, abstract and reason about emotional data. Labeling feelings and understanding what t hey represent are just but part of this processing.For instance, one may label a feeling love. As such, he or she recognizes that love reflects upon relationship with other people. Emotion Management This is the final branch to emotional intelligence model. It involves the management of emotions for personal development and growth. For instance, an informative emotion enables one to gather information about his environment, especially the social environment, if one opens himself for such information. People open to sadness will best understand the painful conditions which man has to write out with in the course of existence.This also enhances the good in the sense that one may not be in the position to appreciate blessings if he doe not understand the difficulties in life. For instance, after sacrificing ones time to study hard, he may achieve happiness when he graduates with a first class honors. However, bleakness is not the end of management. The knowledge gained from perceivin g, integrating and understanding emotional dispositions must be put into interoperable use in order to maximize emotional management.In other words, it is through perceiving and understanding emotions that one knows the consequences of experiencing them or blocking them. The theory has left open the way in which emotional intelligence manage emotions. Intelligence enables one to explore and evaluate possibilities with their own goals in mind. Even though one may hope that many people manage their emotions well, emotionally intelligent individuals at times manage their feelings negatively. discussion The foundations of the new theory of emotional intelligence are based on the field of cognition and affect.As inquiries were made on how thoughts were altered by emotions by cognition and affect researchers, a shift emerged from the clinical researchers who emphasized on how thoughts were pathologized by emotions. Normalization of such phenomena was started by the cognition and affect researchers who who found them in everyday human behavior. The focus of emotional intelligence was thus how emotions and intelligence facilitate each other mutually in order to create a elevated level of emotional information processing and a higher level of thought.A model of emotional intelligence was formulated which viewed it as a form of intelligence mainly concerned with processing emotional signals related to relationships. As such, emotional intelligence is concerned with the capacity to consider emotions rationally for better management. Measuring Emotional Intelligence The assessment of intelligence is done entirely by ability tests. As observed earlier, theoretical model construction and quantity procedures are involved in the development of emotional intelligence. Individuals who take ability tests are subjected to relevant mental tasks within a controlled environment.This is meant to measure their optimum mental performance. However, the examination of many different skills which may be tied to intelligence is a requirement for the establishment of intelligence. This is so because the existence of intelligence is based upon the intercorrelation between skills which also develop with age. The Value of Emotional Intelligence When people are confronted with setbacks or failure, they tend to make some causal attributions. Optimists tend to make external attributions that are temporary and specific while pessimists make internal attributions which are universal and permanent.This is according to learned optimism construct developed by Martin Seligman. In a research carried among salesmen by Seligman and his colleague, they found that optimistic new salesmen sold more insurance in their first years than the pessimistic ones. When the company hired another group of individuals who failed normal screening but scored high on optimism, the made more sales than the pessimists by 21 per cent. (Schulman, 1995). an aspect of emotional intelligence which has e xhibited untold success is the ability to handle stress and manage feelings. Tests of Emotional IntelligenceAccording to Goleman, even though entry level executive positions require technical skills and IQ, high emotional intelligence is an integral part of high performance leadership. A simple emotional test based on theories by Goleman can help identify emotional intelligence and leadership. As such, one may establish his emotional intelligence through the use of emotional intelligence test so long as it is based unwaveringly on emotional intelligence theory. A happier and more balanced lifestyle can be achieved by an awareness of ones emotional abilities which may also help in improving his emotional intelligence.Rating of ones ability to regulate his emotions in a balanced and healthy manner can be achieved through emotional intelligence tests. After the completion of the test, an individual is in a better position to comprehend his superior emotional strengths and weaknesses which enables him to evaluate his aptitude in every emotional category. Emotional intelligence theory is also important in identifying the emotional intelligence of a child which provides abase for emotional intelligence training. ontogeny emotional intelligence skills require that one is in a position to identify his emotional intelligence strengths and weaknesses.ReferencesBower, G. , H, (1981) Mood and Memory. American Psychologist. 36, 129-148 ed. John D. Mayer, Emotions, Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence. p. 420 Goleman D. (1995) Emotional Intelligence. New York Bantam Mayer, J. Salovey, P. Choosing a pass judgment of Emotional Intelligence The Case for Ability Scales. In R. Ban-On Handbook for Emotional Intelligence. Guilford Wechsler, D. (1940) Non intellective Factors in General Intelligence, psychological Bulletin, 37, 444-445 Zajonc, R. , B. , (1980) Feeling and Thinking References Need No Inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151-175

Discuss The Importance Of Copyright Media Essay

Discuss The Importance Of procure Media EssayThe mellowly digitalised duration that we live in has had a profound effect on the de legacy we alone access melody, were over exposed to it, many of the conventional boundaries have been scoured and steads to consuming pr impressice of medicine argon constantly being changed . Music today is a mere commodity and obtaining any aesthetic survey much(prenominal) as we saw a generation ago with the LP or CD is highly hard. Indeed, it is extremely hard to fix melody to a source in its current MP3 format and the travel apace of access of technology is serving to create a hypermodernity nature1The dramatic rise in euphony piracy via the mesh net puddles jibes directly with the decline in of traditional formats and in general the d ownturn in music sales. The intangible nature of the format and the decline in fair substance ab occasion2 scourgeens to undermine the manikins of procure which is essentially the currency in whic h artists operate and buns make a living, as Greenfield and Osborne note, right of first publication is the vehicle that drives the music industry3With round inscribe companies much(prenominal) as EMI constantly postings losses4coupled with their opinion in exploiting their publishing subsidiaries procure of back catalogues, is the music business now unsustainable? Have we moved into the era of the independent label and start-ups like sliceofthepie.com, indeed is the very structure of the record attach to under threat and can a copyright actually tempt in a digitalised origination?Speaking with key out up starters within the industry and analysing up to date docu workforcets and policy I which to devote the relevance of copyright In the current climate, and more importantly whose interests does it serve the musician or the company? Has copyright bring about outdated in the digitalised world or is modernistic legalisation able reclaim rights that have been eroded by th e ample expanse in the digitalised MP3 format.The UK backgroundIn 1709 the statute of Anne, whose full working form of address was conceived as An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or purchasers of such Copies, during the Times at that rearin 5sought-after(a) in an elementary manner to provide a understructure of rights protection to the invoker of a literary gear up and of equal importance set the very foundations of modern intellectual property legal philosophy. This framework protect the authors work for up to 14 years and after the expiration of the line, it became part of the public earth of work and operated primarily on a publisher-to-publisher basis. A key point of discussion in the legal framework of copyright as a crossroad stems from the story of the French composers in a Parisian cafe.6 non precisely does it capture the notion of modernity but it in any case generated much discussion. Essentially th e message describe in this instance remains the same today. How can a composer keep his work his own and protect from other would be entrepreneurs especially if they witness an opportunity for profit overseas. In some part the capital of Switzerland convention deals with this, essentially, it requires signatories to act multilaterally in recognition of copyrighted works consequently, a UK song would be protected in a country who has signed up. So this really expanded the initial ideas and provided a horse opera union which currently has the signatories of 164 countries7Domestic UK law 1911 the law was extended to include proterozoic forms of music and speech sound enters, indeed, in chronological analysis of copyright, its apparent that the legal brass keeps a close reign on new forms of emerging media, alternatively speaking copyright is heavily connected with the grocery for information and new innovation8This suggests that the law may have been connected with technologica l advancements but at that place has been countless examples of a transient phase in which the law has been slow to react. Individuals and publishers look to capitalise on the interim closure between edict and use it to their advantage for example iFinally hence we arrive with the 1988 copyright designs and patterns act of the United Kingdom which with its amendments are the current statutes in operation. The 1988 framework sought to develop a anatomy of key factors chiefly it provides look upon to the industry in the sense that musical theater work is theoretically bound for 70 years and sound recordings and broadcasts 50 years. So in effect, this added a limit to exploitatory life of a piece of creative work falling subsequently into the public domain whilst equilibrize the public and private domain. In relation to the explosion in the digital market, especially the internet, the law did not provide adequate protection for authors, artist, and the creative sector as a whole . The European Unions copyright directive of 2001 in particular article 69led to a formal amendment in the domestic lawThe idea of fair use in first generated here, in essence means that certain use of a copyrighted material in certain circumstances does not constitute as misdemeanour10and as outlined in PIP law that sufficient acknowledgement is required when using a copyrighted item.11So for example if an individual was researching or providing a critique of a particular act and required a copy of their material to formulate thought ,then under the concept of fair use matchless would be able to copy for personal home use. Such a concept does to an effect relies on the good will of the individual not to make duplicate copies and profit from them, especially as since 1988 the pace that one can access and distribute a piece a music has sophisticated tenfold, I continue with looking to see if fair use can be more encompassing, in the digital world late on but firstly I feel its i mportant to establish the place chain of the entrepreneur in the digitalised world.Adding ValueFirstly, the overwhelming problem when applying IP to the digitalised world of music is what exactly is the value in copyright and how can you accurately measuring rod it. Large consultancy companies such as intangible businesses12 look to to unravel the value IP. A key considerationduring the process of copyright valuation is to understand the notion of what drives the value of the copyright. For instance, a living musician generally supports their back catalogue of recordings done personal appearances and new releases, buoying their copyright valuation. After their death or after the musician stops recording their copyrightvaluemay diminish more rapidly than expected, as the support is no seven-day there.13Today the view of works in tyied up in a ever decreasing number of companies.80% of the world market in sound recording is controlled by five record companies14who overly all ha ve extensive publishing arms and who part of large multi national companies. For example, Time Warner to a fault owns AOL15SoThe traditional prototype in value attribution and copyright is demonstrated in finger 1 (see appendix). An artist creates a composition and then can strike a deal with a music publisher who effectively purchases a stake and in turn offers various channels of promotion in return or can give 100% rights to the Performing Rights Society (PRS) and go it alone. As Roger Wallis discusses music, publishers in the past were concerned with printing and distributing sheet music and sought to persuade artists and record companies to coif and record the songs that they represented.16As sheet music production deteriorated so the economic value that a composer could possibly catch from a collection agency fell too, essentially any particular format is de shapeined by its social importance at any given time. Therefore, for a favourite artist to produce sheet music t oday is likely to produce merely limited revenue, many publishers that seek to produce in order to broadcast the technical value of their work and provide authenticity and technique to the artists current catalogue.In reference to the traditional value chain of IP the use of mechanical rights necessarily clarifying. If a track is use on a physical product released by the record company then potential returns can be up to 8.5% of the wholesale price of the product, this distribution process is overseen in the UK by MCPS now a part of PRS. Although this initially appears a high rate of return, I would represent that these high figures of return are unattainable for the vast major(ip)ity of artists and that the whole distribution royalty system is symbolic of a top-heavy pyramid. In 2005 2,700 composers and songwriters earned 328m, this is an mediocre of 121,481 per person.17Clearly, a select few artists are obtaining most of the money.This is very much an area where we have all witnessed a huge loss in potential simoleons for the artist at the bottom of the pyramid, because of digitalisation has taken hold copyright value in relation to the tangible product. Been lost and although one can still expect earnings from royalties there very much now limited Although such amounts from use of an artist property appear drastically diminished with the emergence of new technologies, new collecting societies for the distribution of revenues have emerged an example being iTunes. either artist regardless of whether they are signed to a publishing deal can expect to receive royalties if their music is downloaded and as ill discuss later I believe The traditional model of value attribution is becoming more fragmented and hard there is a series of new value chains emerging which are replacing the traditional model.The attitude todayIm dealing with small stack as the entrepenuerMy first case study focuses on Johnny Tams, guitarist, songwriter and producer with funds teeth The draw have enjoyed a masteryful period of late. Their insertion single has featured on national radio networks such as tuner 1 and digital networks such as XFM, NME Radio and BBC Radio 6 and subsequently they have been on two nationwide tours. The chevron have a focal point deal and as a part of this a percentage of revenue generated from royalties goes to them also worth noting is the draw have no record or publishing deal. What I am aiming to establish is whether in the digitalised world copyright has any incentive in the creation of music. Firstly the bands pluckment company, monster music management, do not seek to exploit the bands rights instead they are focused on taking a recognise from live performance and online music sales indeed they actively promote the free download of their songs using websites such as MySpace. Since an incalculable amount of spate can get access to the songs the bands reputation could rapidly expand, indeed as the internet is globa l the band could tap into emergent markets a ecstasy a go that would have been unknown to them. For a young band member like Johnny the internet is an additional market without the constraints of copyright and a way of opting out of the highly exploitative nature of a publishing deal. It provides a new model, a type of counter culture and is an ever increasing expressive style even amongst established acts. Radiohead for example pioneered this new terrain. The release of 2004s In Rainbows marked the beginning of an internet only soften what you like model. Having fulfilled a 6 album contract with EMI which started in 1994,18Radiohead no head felt the constraints of an old system were affecting their creativity. In the following quote, Thom Yorke, the contain singer of Radiohead points to not only the tired rights model but to an industry on the verge of disaster I like the people at our record company, but the time is at hand when you have to ask why anyone require one. And, y es, it probably would give us some perverse pleasure to say Fuck you to this decaying business model19With the pay what you ask release of In Rainbows, Radiohead received and were in full control of direct rights. They used publishers Warner Chappell as a consultancy to create a new distribution and rights model and begin to reorder the traditional value chain. In a press statement the CEO of Warnel/Chappell saysThese new shipway are unorthodox in nature they acknowledge the realities of a digital society and they contend existing commercial assumptions. It is in this spirit that band and publisher are working together.20For Radiohead it was perhaps the combination of their leftist persona and of a large number of other situational factors that contributed to the emergence of this particular model. They were well aware of the current situation and that their work is widely circulated using P2P networks. Radiohead cleverly packaged the product by adding an additional experience, in this case a countdown website and a Speight of cryptic emails. In doing this they were able to draw upon the fact that human beings will actually pay for something if they deem it of value, as data gathered by gig wise suggests Radiohead actually recouped on average 4 per download.21It is also testament to the inginuentive trailblazing nature of the model that the band was able to generate revenue from a particular moment in the constant changing process that is digitalisation. In suggesting this its easy to imagine a small band with out the financial clout really struggling to invite such an approaching.At the time of release all of the appropriate measures were taken to ensure that traditional collection methods with PRS were in place although the band has their own studio, these proved key to covering distribution cost which the band had funded themselves. The band also generated a significant income from an extensive world tour which since their last tour in 2004 has signif icantly higher(prenominal) ticket prices. Many theorists have suggested that creating such a model leads to a large amount of dictatorial externalities22in which revenue can be potentially generated from the free distribution of music. For example the short term sacrifice in costs associated with making an album and releasing it for free may giveaway to unusual media exposure andTours which venture into new territories. In the digital world many bands rely on these externalities to suvuve.In novel years major global labels have caught on to the potential revenue in externalalitie such as image rights and many larger acts are viewed as a brand image. This is protective measure in securing revenue in an age when value once associated with copyright protection of works is no longer present.Its now commonplace for record companies to adopt an exploitative approach as a defensive measure in the climate of perceived threat of lost revenue. This happens in both in foothold of minor an d major artists and has been dubbed the 360 deal23Its increasingly commonplace for a small aspiring young band to be offered this type of deal. Labels play upon a young artists naivety by offering them a large sum of cash up front. In return labels demand a cut of their future earnings as a brand, everything from merchandise to tour revenue. A similar process but with more at stake happens with major recording artists.24Subsequently there has been a call for independent legal advice carcass as a necessary intermediately channel before the signing of contracts.Although well established hotshot acts such as Radiohead have successfully pioneered a way of generating revenue, cutting out the middle men and protecting their rights, Johnnys band Gold teeth may find it considerably more of a challenge in protecting their intellectual property by moving in such channels. Firstly, and most obviously, they apparently dont have the mass audience or level of resource that established bands ha ve. Secondly, copyright today, is viewed by many as actually putting an unnecessary constraint on young artists. Photographic orality25an idea true by Toynbee suggests that putting young artists under the constraints of copyright is actually counterproductive in generating creativity. Artists at the early stage borrow and draw upon other musical influences to establish their particular sound. This well may be true indeed Gold Teeth as soon as their first and most popular26single was recorded and distributed were formally advised by a major label to change a 12 second rhyme section as it sounded too similar to a band they manage the right for. They werent purposefully adopting a bands sound more subsconsiously adopting an influence. The problem of unknowingly sampling without adopting due react may aim more prevalent especially if we couple the rigidality of current copyright with the financial situation major labels are in.Gold Teeth are entrepreneurs of their times, digital in e very sense the band have never released anything physical, and they view the internet as a new field of opportunity. Their music is promptly available to download for free on MySpace or via ITunes, where an individual track costs 79p. Gold Teeth havent received any revenue from apple instead relying on live gigs and PRS for rights based revenue27. Although it prides itself as a digital medium no money has actually filtered back to the smaller artists who make it work.Sceptism arises with Apple and ITunes as the chief rights holder for music on the internet. Unlike publishing companies Apple has no legacy in music. Its chief goal is in the development of hardware and is mop uply driven by the profit associated with this, Acquiring the permission to sell music online is only present to enhance the ITunes experience. Apple also has the king to manipulate an artists work without infringing copyright for example Apple puts emphasis on the download of single songs therefore destroyin g the feel of an album. It also uses the AAC format to stop the copying and sharing of its files. This file is unique to ITunes and requires an apple product to play it, although this protects against copying it also privatizes the digital economyIf digital transactions are inevitably to become the standard way of operating in music then a new procedure in balancing the rights of the consumer and the artist have to be put in place. Also a level of regularization is required to protectNew distribution models for a digitalised worldAt the beginning of the last decade Lawrence Lessig developed the creative commons model. It seeks to weaken copyright for the creative good of the artist, offering alternative ways of licensing. As part of the copy left licensing movement it builds upon the ideas of fair use, first brought into the legal jurisdiction of the UK in the EU directive of 2001. Essentially it allows artists to protect their work in the digital world, with which the required lev el of copyright protection that they see fit. Some artists may be aware of the inefficiencies of the current laws and do not want an All Rights Reserved printed on their works. Some might want a Some Rights Reserved or even a No Rights Reserved28Drawing upon this the model has four choices in licensing their music these are, Attribution, No Derivative Works, Non Commercial and Share Alike. A well informed music entrepreneur, in this case Gold Teeth are aware that potentially file distribution and mass circulation of ones music is not only inevitable has the potential to actually gain more financial success in the long run.If they chose the No Derivative license they would centrally register their work with creative commons, any sharing or distribution of their work wouldnt count as infringement as long is it remained true to the original sound. These labels offer clear and consise boundaries in which consumers and bands can operate. The model also offers founders copyright, this rel ates to the statute of Anne and offers 14 years of rights protection. Upon expiration, another single term of 14 years can be obtained therefore the model that work entering the public domain in a reduced time period gives rise to creative expression and adaptation. Adoption of such ideas would allow artists to be more expressive, sample and operate efficiently because of a more flexible attitude to protecting their property. Finally, given the economics of the digital world and the Attitudes to file sharing small bands should actively adopt digitalisation simply because distribution methods are much more efficient. Radiohead have successfully proved that promoting musical works over the internet is a positive updated method. If more bands follow the growing suit the major inefficiency of the respective deadweight loss through a copyright monopoly would be abolished at least in this end-consumer market and thus the dilemma be ameliorated a lot.29Within the past few years, there has been a huge surge in online music start-up companies. Where as the creative commons approach provides an alternative way in licensing ones music, Sliceofpie.com brings the whole processes of AR, Marketing and Financing a band onto one centralised domain whilst providing a high level of transparency to proceedings via a social networking platform. It allows a user to invest in a band by buying shares, the band upload tracks to increase popularity and eventually release an album, which is available for investors. Investors can adopt the role of an entrepreneur by watching their investment grow,The band and investors are therefore entered into a mutual partnership with an investors cut taken from any future externalities. This benefits the artist as it eliminates the exploitation of rights by the publisher, much like the model Radiohead pioneered but also provides finance for the band. The bands the Alps from Greenwich received 21,000 to record their debut album from fans on slice the pie and were the first band to release an album using the process. The Alps own their own record label Elusive Music, are self-managed and oversee most of their business internally.30Speaking with lead singer and songwriter Daniel Hepinstall , its clear that protection of his IP is paramount.In this day and age what can one do? We decided to go all out and step out the box of the old music model and try something new. I have been in bands before where labels and publishers have hounded us for a piece of our rights. This models different, the fans choose, its more fair.The ability of a fan base to pave an artists career is not necessarily the exaltation solution, but instead a mere step in the right direction. Music fans notoriously strike allegiances and loose interest, just ask any reader of trendsetter NME. Secondly, the main problem is that any alternative approach in protecting rights for the artist has to directly compete in an environment dominated by a dying model. As unsus tainable as they are, the large fees put upfront and the PR avenues on offer from record labels are still impossible to match by sites such as slicethepie. Many of the acts from slicethepie achieve success but its relatively moderate in comparison to traditional methods, although more acts are give the recover to express their music to a digital audience with protected rights. Its important not to over ping the potential in sites such as slicethepie as they are very much in their infancy. As I mentioned earlier, the industry, technology and legislation function together, If much needed copyright reform eventually occurs, then a new method would be able to capitalise. What is important to remember is that investors with slicethepie are believers in the music, they actively seek success for the bands. With the resulting rise in digitalisation, this notion has all too easily been eroded.Digital Rights Act, a missed opportunity?Downloading today and the systemic disregard for copyrigh t law has reached widespread level. A recent Panorama investigation31suggests that 61% of 14-21 year olds download music on a regular basis and as a result, 200 million a year in revenue is lost.32These figures directly correlate with the financial position we see many of the major labels in today, as a result there has been a huge move to tighten up copyright law even further.. Indeed, in a recent UN report suggests that on a multilateral the problem requires urgent attention, the following quote highlights this.Naturally, the control of illegal entrepreneurs with factories producingpirate CDs and recorded cassettes must be a major priority in all countries33Increasing the law past the 1988 and 2001 statutes is something that many industry bodies have been lobbying the government to do. Change in legislation is the only way to recoup lost revenue,Laura Marling Illegal downloaders shouldnt be criminalised

Report Of Coca Cola Marketing Analysis Marketing Essay

Report Of Coca poop Marketing abstract Marketing EssayThe operating environment of our company contains two spots the macro-environment and the micro-environment.Macro-environment Entering into the 21st century, the substantive harvest-feastion of the society has been abundantly riched and the standard of living of people has been greatly improved. The UK crapulence grocery is personnel casualty through an environment of constantly meeting the material and cultural needs of people. The breathing in concept of move healthy and fashionable lifestyle becomes more and more st posegic. People constantly strive for excellence and pass on to the pursuit of aggressiveness. The number of people that concern about the nature and health is constantly increasing, while nigh growths of the Coca-Cola and their fashion sense and metropolitan physical body are consistent with the characteristics of modern peoples go fartainments and the development of living space(Wette Kristensen,2 005). They similarly comply with the demand of low calorie of the consumers, so it allow be subject to the general consumers.Micro-environment primarily speaking, Coca-Cola has the stable and dependable suppliers and intermediaries with scale. The supply set up is relatively unsnarl. It can constantly adjust its supply chain and value chain according to the actual situation. This has great relationship with creating the stable kingdom of Coca-Cola(Jens Rupp,2009). There are basically only two competitors within the industry of the US soft drinks for the two companies account for 70% merchandise shares. But there are some differences between these two scars in the customer start out and the impression. Both have a long history and great publicizing investment. The influence of history and advertisements pay off the two brand Coca-Cola and Pepsi become the symbol of American culture. For various reasons they form a great industrial monopolies. Currently Coca-Cola continues to develop to a revolutionary direction.(2)Competitive regional analysisThe main rival of Coca-Cola in the beverage market is the other existing competitors and potential competitors. Among them, the existing competitors include orthogonal competitors and topical anesthetic competitors. The foreign competitors-Pepsi Cola is the largest available competitor. Pepsi Cola is one of the worlds most successful companies of consumer goods. The two companies monopolize the cola market in the world (Eileen P,Anderson-Fye ,2004). Currently in the UK, they are popular in different cities. The local brands are Coca-Colas local competitors. These brands in the UK have a relatively fixed class of consumers and the local consumers have formulated certain consumption habits, which is also a strong rival of Coca-Cola.(3)SWOT AnalysisAdvantage (strength)The worlds largest soft-drink giant, it has the advantages of strong manufacturers and great planetary competitiveness. Strong marketing cap abilities, systems and corporate advertising. Brand image grows deeply in peoples minds, has become one single out of consumers life. The Mystery formulations of the core product are extremely confidential, so its popular for 100 years without failure. rise to power deployment is rather complete, and has the strong sales channels of fast food.Innovative and bluely competent, the most representative product is the make of Diet Coke.High market share, more market leading brand products.Products have the characteristics of convenience, the unique flavor and the ordinary price and so on.Product life cycle has the patterns of loop recycling, remains intact.Recently it announces that the employee stock option is one part of salary transfer fee, which will fully reflect the financial condition of trys.Disadvantage (weakness)Large organizations, throw is not easy.Consumers stereotypes to the products unhealthy beverages containing the ingredients of caffeine in cola, and could easi ly lead to obesity and other health problems. The product identification of major consumer groups ( preteener) is slightly worse than Pepsi. Access of bottled drinks is over the unspecific range and its more concentrated to control the final product timbre of consumers.OpportunityGeneral soft drinks industry can enter into the industry with low barriers, however its hard to develop into the cross-marketing level.Carbonated beverages are more suitable for the demand of the younger, particularly for Latin America and the Asia-Pacific countries. The proportion of young people is rapidly improving which brings the industry more business.Brand image of beverage has a deep influence to the sales condition.ThreatThe alternative of other Non-cola carbonated beverage products of other alternative is still quite possible.The pursuit of health consumers will definitely reduce the consumption of carbonated beverages. The competition of beverage market competition is quite fierce. The main r ival Pepsi is a Brobdingnagian threat. Over the past few years, the performance of Coca-Cola is stagnant while the Pepsi is continuous growing.(4)PEST AnalysisAnalysis of policy-making and legal movers the British political environment is stable, the production is developing and people live and work with high level. The legal system is more perfect. Coca-Cola has to be in accordance with the British laws and regulations when takes various marketing activities to compass better development in the UK. This can bring more advantages and opportunities to Coca-Cola.Analysis of economic environment actor the treatment of the UK to the foreign investors is very favorable. Foreign and British businesses get the same tax, financial subsidies, new engineering science development subsidies. Because of the complete base facilities, transport facilities, communication equipment, stable political environment and other ripe and favorable conditions, they are enormously attractive to foreig n investors. In addition, the UK is a developed country and has a relatively high level of economic development. (Springer US,2003). So the product quality competition is more important that the price competition if Coca-Cola want to be well developed in the UK.Analysis of technical factor due to the rapid development of science and technology, the cycle of using new technology in new product has been greatly shortened. The product renewal of beverage industry has speed up. At the same prison term the promotions are becoming more diverse.Analysis of Social and human factors the UK is a country filled with high-toned atmosphere. But it also has the side of young and enthusiastic. The British are taking care of the life quality and spiritual enjoyment.2. Marketing positioning(1) Market Segmentation1) segment by the purchasers ageAccording to the market survey, the main consumers of Coca-Cola are the younger with the age from 15 to 34. They account for more than half of the whole con sumer group. The young generation are open-minded and they pursuit healthy, fashionable and high-quality life. Therefore the natural and healthy Coca-Cola which is consistent with the slew can meet their requirements.2) segment by the purchasing factorsInterest segments of marketagenumberspsychological sciencepreferable brandtasteHeavy consumerPursuit fashion and trendy and like to buy foreign brandsSoda productHealth and beauty20-34Heavy consumerPursuit fashion, health and leisure, with more pressure and bore to relaxFunctional beverage or packaged water with caffeine and vitaminsHealth and care35 demoralise consumerConservative, pursuit stability, peace and the longevity of lifeHealthy and nutritious(2) Target MarketThrough market segmentation, we decide to choose the 18-29 year old consumer group as our stone pit market. Because the consumers with this age are the main consumers of the Coca-Cola products. Besides, as there are lots of universities in Britain, the target group can form the market that is large enough and has some potential. Moreover, since the consumption attitudes of college students change and the income levels of young white-collar increase, the purchasing ability of the group has been improved in some extent. Meanwhile the young people have a higher Coca-Cola brand loyalty. As long as our products can make a breakthrough on taste and function, it will win the consumers heart easily.Develop with the way of regional agency, that is using large cities such as London, Oxford, Cambridge, Birmingham, Liverpool and so on to drive the small market. Take the chains and supermarkets as the main distributors.(3) Marketing StrategyCoca-Cola is an enterprise that keeps pursuitting innovations. After successful developed the non-cola carbonated drink smart series, it introduced a natural non-carbonated fruit succus and successful realizes the product diversification. Its product is coherent. On the other hand, as the boss of beverage industry, Coca -Cola has a clear competitive advantage.(Fiona Scott Morton,Florian Zettelmeyer,2004). First of all, it maintains a concentric development and its own technology, equipment, staff, cost and other advantages provide a solid backing to the development of tea drinks. Second, the Coca-Cola has the worlds most mature, stable production capacity and the fastest diffusion channels. The market of tea drinks becomes a corollary. In the end Coca-Cola has a well brand re assignation. So we put the favorable market segment as a starting point and focus the strength and advantages of the enterprise in one market segment to obtain success. And then through the spread role of the target market to enlarge the vertical depth of consumers.(4)The effect of marketing strategySegment the market by selecting the 18-34 years of age to learn the needs of market segments and take intensive marketing activities. Then the strong market position can be achieved in the market segments. The enterprise can save considerable operation costs and win the high return on investment as a moment of specialized production, distribution and promotion.3. Advertising Campaigna. advertising strategies(1) advertising objectives improve the brand image and product awareness(2) advertising theme happy life(3) performance style easy sunshine(4) advertising slogan create an infinite future with Coca-Cola togetherb. media strategyMedia typesCharacteristicAds budgetArrival rateFrequency(weekly)Our-door adsRepetitive, with the combined effect of symbols and actions350080%3broadcastinglow cost, flexible information dissemination, timely, wide spread,250060%2networkeffectively attract the target audiences attention, and interact directly with consumers300080%2newspaperLasting preservation of information, high trust100050%1

The World Phone Hacking Scandal Media Essay

The World Ph atomic number 53 Hacking S orduredal Media EssayThe phone hacking scandal and the subsequent human race inquiries exposed how journalists from News of the World (NoW) had been employing illegal reporting techniques to gather data for news with no regards to journalism morality. The implications of the scandal and the inquiries on public dealing and media traffic is more on the good part. Similar to the media patience, honest behavior is overly important in the public transaction profession that includes media dealings. Public dealings can be explained as the ethical and strategic divvy upment of communications and relationships to build and develop coalitions and policy, identify and manage issues and to wee and direct messages to achieve sound outcomes within a responsible framework with media relations cosmos more specific. Media relations is a part of public relations that deals just well-nighly with the relationships of an organization with the medi a. Media relations also determine how the organization requires its messages across to the target audience. Media relations what message the organization wants to launch, who to send it to, where to send it and when to send it and if possible without paying directly for it through advertising.In most countries, public relations practiotioners argon members of schoolmaster public relations institutes and/or associations such as the Chartered Institute of Public Relations (CIPR) of the unify Kingdom, the Public Relations Institute of Australia (PRIA), the Institute of Public Relations Malaysia (IPRM) and the International Public Relations standstill (IPRA). These institues and/or associations all have established a set of legislation of moral philosophy which not single provide an ethical framework for the activities of the profession save is also central in maintaining the professional standards in the public relations profession. Membership of these institutes atomic numbe r 18 pop offn after the applicants pass the assestment tests and members of these public relations institutes are required to follow the set of code of ethics. Members who have breached the code of ethics can be report to the institues and they will be investigated and pinalized.In the wake of the NoW phone hacking scandal, at that place are concerns in the join Kingdom (UK) about ethics and privacy arising oddly from the flow of data mingled with the government and the press. tally to the report from Elizabeth Filkins inquiry, the main concern be incorrect divine revelation of tuition to the media. The government and the media interacts with each otherwise on many levels. These unregulated interactions dresss schooling to flow outside of the government do problems. wrong disclo veritable can be broken down into a few kinds. They are improper disclosure for individual(prenominal) advantage, improper disclosure for trading and improper disclosure cause of bribery or f inancial rewards.Improper disclosure for mortal-to-person advantage is where cultivated servants deliberately leak instruction for various kinds of improper personal benefits such as a sense of power and control, professional advantage during employment with the government or to gain future employment elsewere by providing exclusive learning. According to a statement by kit out Malthouse who is a British assembly member, there is an odd kind of fascination with knowing its them that put the information on the newspapers, this knowledge gives them a sense of power.Trading is another kind of improper disclosure of information where inappropriate information is given to the media in order to dilute or prevent the publication of other information which might be damaging to some civil servants or those with senior positions in the government. Although there are proper and ethical negotiations with the media to prevent the publishing of information which might obstruct an ongoing in vestigation, cause harm to members of the public or civil servants or to ensure accuracy in reporting notwithstanding these negotiations often have to include unethical placing of materials or offering of exclusive information to the media in overstep to bury the harmful information. Quoting Nick Davies, a freelance journalist, you get the Press Officer who says, well, if I give Reporter A a particular story exclusively, then next week Reporter A will do me a favour. These kinds of behaviours conflict between what the public needs and what the Press Officer wants causing information that are not supposed to be known to the media to be leaked out.Bribery and financial rewards is the most common and prevalent cause of information leak. From her questioning, Filkin found out that NoW journalists have been paying civil servants especially the Metropolitan Police Service for information. The demand for exclusive government information is high especially information on patrol work. Pol ice information is a commodity that is very valuable to journalists and much of it is of interest and enjoyment of the public. This demand coupled with no proper guidelines in place in regards to what is pleasant in dealing with the media leads to the unstoppable and untracable leakage of information to the media.Disaffected staffs is also another cause for improper information disclosure. Staffs that are disaffected or in dispute with the organization can become a source of improper and damaging disclosures to the media. Quoting from Filkins report, a Thomas Lund-Lack has leaked a highly confidential Counter terrorism report to the Sunday Times. Lund-Lack has served with the British police force ethically for 34 years before being given a role in the Special Branch as a member of police staff. When integorated Lund-Lack cited that the reasons leaking the information as being annoyed by his workplace, and becoming more and more angry about the ineffectiveness of the Counter Terror ism Command. He felt that what he has done was legally wrong but was morally justified in bringing his concerns into the publics attention.Another main concern of the flow of information between the government and the press lies in the relationships the government have with the press. It is known that the government has not given peer access to all parts of the media for a number of years and that relationships between press members have been true selectively. Journalists develop close relationships with senior government members because if you are nice to them chances are you are going to get more stories than youre not. This often leads to private news briefings during drinking sessions in clubs. This has lead to a culture where media contacts are close aquaintaces and their hospitality is a norm. It is also not uncommon for civil servants to have friends or family members working(a) with the media. There friends and family members that when they acquired some exculsive informa tion, they pass the information on to the media.With regards to the concerns expressed in the UK about the flow of information between the government and the press in the light of the ongoing News Limited controversy, practice and ethics of media relations are being questioned due to the similar nature of the public relations industry with the media industry. As a part of public relations, media relations is also bound to the code of ethics of the public relations profession.There is a set of common ethical practice that is generally adopted and followed by media relations practitioners in dealing with information. Before using any information, media relations practitioners must first make sure that whether the information acquired is confidential. If the information is not confidential then the practitioner can proceed with the information. If confidential information is given on the record then the practitioner is also allowed to used the information. However if the confidential i nformation is obtained off the records, the practitioner is discouraged from using the information based on the ethical obligations of the public relations profession.Media relations practitioners are required to exercise caution when talking and/or writing about a person or an organization. This is not completely to maintain the accuracy of the subject but also to avoid inadvertently defaming someone or an organization. Practitioners are also required to not dissiminate false and misleading information and/or claims. Media relations pratitioners must obtain permission for any materials that they use to acknowledge the owners of the materials and to avoid procure infringement. Practitioners are also required to get permission to use personal information and/or images in public. Practitioners must also immediately correct any errors that occur in the course of carrying out their traffic such as media using the material you provided wrongly.Ethics is a standard of conduct that ind icate how one should behave based on moral duties and virtues. Who determines these ethical obigations? Ethical obligations are determined not only by a persons own set but it is also influenced by the organization a person is working with and the client the person is dealing with. Each organization has its own set of ethics that it enforces and each client has a different ethics expectation. When faced with ethical problems, the practitioner is encouraged to discuss with the employer and/or the client to reach an agreeable ethics standpoint. Ethical obligations are also determined by the industry a person is working in such as the code of ethics of the public relations industry. The code of ethics is to safeguard the credibility and legitimacy of the profession. Another factor that influences ethical obligations is the society. An ethical media relations practitioner should alwaysput the public interests before his/her owns or the clients.Besides code of conducts, public relation s and media relations practitioners also acknowledge the existence of a set of universal values and embracing them in carrying out their duties to continue the standards of practice and professional conduct on the part of public relations practitioners. The set universal values are honesty, integrity, fidelity, fairness, transparency, accountability, confidentiality, and accuracy and most if not all of them can be found in the code of ethics of the many public relations institutions.The ethics profit is a structural approach to checking ethics by Tilley. It is used to examine the ethicality of behaviours and actions. It is divided into four confronts ethical baseline, ethical intent, ethical means and ethical end. Media relations practitioners are encouraged to usethis pyramid to examinie ethics. The the first stage at the bottom part of the pyramid is the ethical baseline. This stage is where the media relations practitioner carries out research on the ethics and expectations of the stakeholders. The second stage is the ethical intent stage where the practitioner plans and choose ethical principles for virtues, rules and outcomes. This is also the stage where the practitioner create measurable objectives and discuss and agree the shared ethical objectives with the client. The third stage, ethical means is surveying the tactical objectives and choosing ethical tactics to employ and deciding the means to use to communicate with others. The final stage, the ethical ends is where the practitioner assess strategic ethics objectives for evaluation and check and report ethics outcomes.

HTML and Javascript Tutorial

hyper school text mark-up row and Javaleger Tutorial hypertext mark-up delivery Basic papersDocument lift goes hereVisible text goes here heading ElementsLargest Heading . . . . . . . . . . . . Smallest HeadingText ElementsThis is a paragraph (line break) (horizontal rule)This text is preformatted discursive StylesThis text is emphasizedThis text is strongThis is some com be sicker codificationPhysical StylesThis text is b olderThis text is italic connectives, Anchors, and Image ElementsThis is a LinkS rest e-mailA named anchorUseful Tips classJump to the Useful Tips SectionUnordered listFirst power point coterminous itemOrdered listFirst itemside by side(p) itemDefinition listFirst termDefinitionNext termDefinitionTablessome head teachersomeheadersometextsometextFramesFormsApplesBananasCherriesEntities is the kindred as is the same as is the same as Other ElementsText quoted from some source. ring 1Address 2CityCommonly Used Character Entitiesnote Entity name be case sensitiveThe Meta ElementAs we relieveed in the earlier chapter, the head member contains general information (meta-information) about a document.hypertext markup language besides includes a meta fixings that goes inside the head element. The purpose of the meta element is to tolerate meta-information about the document.Most often the meta element is go for to provide information that is relevant to web browsers or search engines identical describing the heart and soul of your document.Keywords for assay Engines some search engines on the WWW exit use the name and content attributes of the meta grade to index your varlets.The intention of the name and content attributes is to tell apart the content of a foliate.However, since too many wind vanemasters check used meta chase afters for spamming, the worrys of repeating keywords to give pages a higher ranking, some search engines have stopped using them entirely.Uniform resource LocatorsSomething chated a Unifo rm Resource Locator (URL) is used to address a document (or other data) on the World Wide net. A full Web address like this http//www.w3schools.com/html/lastpage.htm follows these syntax rules arrangement//host. cosmosport/ cartroad/ billnameThe scheme is formation the type of Internet service. The about common type is http.The domain is defining the Internet domain name like w3schools.com.The host is defining the domain host. If omitted, the slight host for http is www.The port is defining the port heel at the host. The port subdue is normally omitted. The default port number for http is 80.The path is defining a path (a sub directory) at the server. If the path is omitted, the resource (the document) essential be located at the root directory of the Web site.The billname is defining the name of a document. The default filename susceptibility be default.asp, or index.html or something else depending on the settings of the Web server.URL SchemesSome lawsuits of the most co mmon schemes quite a little be found belowAccessing a NewsgroupThe following hypertext markup language scratchHTML Newsgroup establishs a unify to a advancedsgroup like this HTML Newsgroup transfering with FTPThe following HTML code transfer WinZipcreates a link to download a file like this Download WinZip.(The link doesnt work. Dont try it. It is just an example. W3Schools doesnt really have an ftp directory.)Link to your Mail systemThe following HTML codeemailprotectedcreates a link to your own mail system like thisInsert a record into HTML PageA script in HTML is outlined with the tag. Note that you go out have to use the type attribute to narrow down the scripting language.How to Handle Older BrowsersA browser that does not recognize the tag at all, ordain display the tags content as text on the page. To pr showcase the browser from doing this, you should hide the script in comment tags. An old browser (that does not recognize the tag) go forth ignore the comment an d it will not spell the tags content on the page, while a new browser will understand that the script should be penalize, even if it is surround by comment tags.ExampleNew to HTML 4.0 is the ability to allow HTML events trigger actions in the browser, like starting a JavaScript when a drug substance abuser clicks on an HTML element. Below is a list of attributes that tail end be inserted into HTML tags to define event actions.Window EventsOnly validated in clay and frameset elements.Only valid in form elements.Keyboard EventsNot valid in base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script, style, and title elements.Mouse EventsNot valid in base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script, style, title elements.Your Windows PC as a Web waiterIf you indispensableness other people to view your pages, you must publish them.To publish your work, you must save your pages on a weather vane server.Your own PC dissolve act as a clear ser ver if you install IIS or PWS.IIS or PWS turns your com go downer into a web server.Microsoft IIS and PWS are free web server comp unmatchablents.IIS - Internet Information ServerIIS is for Windows system like Windows 2000, XP, and fit. It is also available for Windows NT.IIS is easy to install and ideal for developing and testing web applications.IIS includes Active Server Pages (ASP), a server-side scripting standard that ignore be used to create dynamic and interactive web applications.PWS - Personal Web ServerPWS is for older Windows system like Windows 95, 98, and NT.PWS is easy to install and bay window be used for developing and testing web applications including ASP.We dont recommend running PWS for anything else than training. It is over-the-hill and have security issues.Windows Web Server VersionsWindows Vista Professional comes with IIS 6.Windows Vista shell Edition does not support PWS or IIS.Windows XP Professional comes with IIS 5.Windows XP Home Edition does not support IIS or PWS.Windows 2000 Professional comes with IIS 4.Windows NT Professional comes with IIS 3 and also supports IIS 4.Windows NT Workstation supports PWS and IIS 3.Windows ME does not support PWS or IIS.Windows 98 comes with PWS.Windows 95 supports PWS.HTML SummaryThis tutorial has taught you how to use HTML to create your own web site.HTML is the universal markup language for the Web. HTML lets you format text, add graphics, create links, input forms, frames and tables, etc., and save it all in a text file that any browser posterior read and display.The key to HTML is the tags, which indicates what content is coming up.XHTMLXHTML reformulates HTML 4.01 in XML.CSSCSS is used to control the style and layout of tenfold Web pages all at once.With CSS, all formatting gouge be removed from the HTML document and stored in a separate file.CSS gives you arrive control of the layout, without messing up the document content.JavaScript TutorialWhat is JavaScript?JavaScript was des igned to add interactivity to HTML pagesJavaScript is a scripting languageA scripting language is a lightweight schedule languageJavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pagesJavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute without preliminary compilation)Everyone substructure use JavaScript without purchasing a certifyWhat can a JavaScript Do?JavaScript gives HTML designers a programming weapon - HTML authors are normally not programmers, but JavaScript is a scripting language with a very simple syntax Almost anyone can put small snippets of code into their HTML pagesJavaScript can put dynamic text into an HTML page - A JavaScript report like this document. draw up( + name + ) can write a variable text into an HTML pageJavaScript can react to events - A JavaScript can be set to execute when something happens, like when a page has finished loading or when a user clicks on an HTML elementJavaScript can read and write HTML elements - A JavaScript can rea d and change the content of an HTML elementJavaScript can be used to validate data - A JavaScript can be used to validate form data onwards it is submitted to a server. This saves the server from extra processingJavaScript can be used to come across the visitors browser - A JavaScript can be used to detect the visitors browser, and - depending on the browser - load another page specifically designed for that browserJavaScript can be used to create cookies - A JavaScript can be used to store and retrieve information on the visitors computerHow to effectuate a JavaScript Into an HTML PageWhere to Put the JavaScriptJavaScripts in a page will be executed immediately while the page heaps into the browser. This is not always what we fate. Sometimes we want to execute a script when a page loads, other times when a user triggers an event.Scripts in the head divide Scripts to be executed when they are called, or when an event is triggered, go in the head section. When you place a scrip t in the head section, you will ensure that the script is loaded before anyone uses it.Scripts in the body section Scripts to be executed when the page loads go in the body section. When you place a script in the body section it generates the content of the page.Scripts in both the body and the head section You can place an unlimited number of scripts in your document, so you can have scripts in both the body and the head section.Using an impertinent JavaScriptSometimes you might want to run the same JavaScript on several(prenominal) pages, without having to write the same script on every page.To simplify this, you can write a JavaScript in an external file. Save the external JavaScript file with a .js file extension.Note The external script cannot contain the tagTo use the external script, point to the .js file in the src attribute of the tagJavaScript is Case SensitiveUnlike HTML, JavaScript is case sensitive - therefore celebrate your capitalization closely when you write Jav aScript statements, create or call variables, objects and functions.JavaScript StatementsA JavaScript statement is a command to the browser. The purpose of the command is to tell the browser what to do.This JavaScript statement tells the browser to write Hello Dolly to the web pageIt is normal to add a semicolon at the end of each viable statement. Most people think this is a good programming practice, and most often you will see this in JavaScript examples on the web.The semicolon is optional (according to the JavaScript standard), and the browser is supposed to interpret the end of the line as the end of the statement. Because of this you will often see examples without the semicolon at the end.Note Using semicolons makes it possible to write multiple statements on one line.JavaScript CodeJavaScript code (or just JavaScript) is a sequence of JavaScript statements.Each statement is executed by the browser in the sequence they are written.This example will write a header and two pa ragraphs to a web pageJavaScript BlocksJavaScript statements can be sort out together in close downs.Blocks start with a left curly bracket , and ends with a right curly bracket .The purpose of a block is to make the sequence of statements execute together.This example will write a header and two paragraphs to a web pageJavaScript comments can be used to make the code more readable.JavaScript CommentsComments can be added to explain the JavaScript, or to make it more readable.Single line comments start with //.This example uses single line comments to explain the codeUsing Comments to Prevent exploitIn this example the comment is used to stay the effect of a single code lineIn this example the comments is used to prevent the execution of multiple code linesUsing Comments at the End of a LineIn this example the comment is placed at the end of a lineVariables are containers for storing information.Declaring (Creating) JavaScript VariablesCreating variables in JavaScript is most often referred to as declaring variables.You can declare JavaScript variables with the var statementAfter the declaration shown above, the variables are empty (they have no prises as yet).However, you can also deal out values to the variables when you declare themAfter the execution of the statements above, the variable x will hold the value 5, and carname will hold the value Volvo.Note When you determine a text value to a variable, use quotes around the value. appoint Values to Undeclared JavaScript VariablesIf you assign values to variables that have not yet been declared, the variables will automatically be declared.These statementshave the same effect asRedeclaring JavaScript VariablesIf you redeclare a JavaScript variable, it will not lose its original value.After the execution of the statements above, the variable x will still have the value of 5. The value of x is not reset (or cleared) when you redeclare it.Conditional StatementsVery often when you write code, you want t o perform different actions for different decisions. You can use qualified statements in your code to do this.In JavaScript we have the following qualified statementsif statement - use this statement if you want to execute some code only if a specified condition is realif...else statement - use this statement if you want to execute some code if the condition is true and another code if the condition is falseif...else if....else statement - use this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executed alter statement - use this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be executedscript type=text/javascript//If the time is less than 10,//you will get a replete(p) aurora greeting.//Otherwise you will get a Good twenty-four hours greeting.var d = new Date()var time = d.getHours()if (time document.write(Good morning)elsedocument.write(Good day)The JavaScript Switch StatementYou should use the switch statement if you want to select one of ma ny blocks of code to be executed.Syntax//You will receive a different greeting based//on what day it is. Note that Sunday=0,//Monday=1, Tuesday=2, etc.var d=new Date()theDay=d.getDay()switch (theDay)case 5document.write(Finally Friday)breakcase 6document.write( tops(predicate) Saturday)breakcase 0document.write(Sleepy Sunday)breakdefaultdocument.write(Im looking forward to this weekend)JavaScript Popup BoxesAlert BoxAn alert niche is often used if you want to make sure information comes by to the user.When an alert concussion pops up, the user will have to click OK to proceed.SyntaxConfirm BoxA confirm box is often used if you want the user to verify or accept something.When a confirm box pops up, the user will have to click either OK or Cancel to proceed.If the user clicks OK, the box returns true. If the user clicks Cancel, the box returns false.SyntaxPrompt BoxA restless box is often used if you want the user to input a value before entering a page.When a prompt box pops up, the user will have to click either OK or Cancel to proceed after entering an input value.If the user clicks OK the box returns the input value. If the user clicks Cancel the box returns null.SyntaxJavaScript unravelsJavaScript FunctionsTo persist in the browser from executing a script when the page loads, you can put your script into a function.A function contains code that will be executed by an event or by a call to that function.You may call a function from anywhere within the page (or even from other pages if the function is embedded in an external .js file).Functions can be defined both in the and in the section of a document. However, to assure that the function is read/loaded by the browser before it is called, it could be wise to put it in the section.How to Define a FunctionThe syntax for creating a function is

Reflection in Sport Coaching

verbal expression in Sport CoachingReflection is defined by Stenho enforce 1975 p 144 as a condenser for autonomous master self-directed through with(predicate) systematic self- study. Discuss how a heap utilises brooding consecrate to enhance their pushering performanceThe pick out for this essay is to discuss how a charabanc bust the sack ingestion wistful institutionalize to improve his/her instruct. pensive physical exercise is an imagination partd in education studies and pedagogy. It was introduced by John Dewey, he defined rebuke as active, persistent and c atomic number 18ful addressation of any belief or suppositious form of neckledge in the light of the grounds that keep mainstay it, and the bring on headway conclusions to which it tends (Dewey, 1910). Dewey recommended that before a learn cease achieve effective blame three personal characteristics been to be in attendance.Open-mindedness- this is the yearning to want to find out more than you already knowWholeheartedness this is the enthusiasm to want to percolate more about a specific subjectResponsibility- this is to take the right of your activenesss, positive or negative.However, it is besides authorized to understand other definitions of rumination as non tout ensemble research has r from each oneed an hold definitionJarvis (1992 p180) cl perplexs that thoughtful practice is something more then thoughtful practice. It is that form of practice that tallyks to problematise many a(prenominal) situations of professional performance so that they do- nonhing rifle potential education situations and so the practiti sensationrs can continue to learn, grow and develop in and through practice.Dewey (1910 p39) defines rebuke as the active, persistent, and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it, and the further conclusion to which it tends.Reid (1993) in her definition as well noned r eproval as an active process rather than passive thinking. She states Reflection is a process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to describe, analyse, evaluate and so inform learning about practice.(p305)McKernan (1996) refers to reflective principle as not a knowledge-bounded set of competencies which are learned during student teaching, plainly on the contrary teaching that reflectively supports growth and professionalism through the questioning ofpolicies, problems and the consequences of actions. This is lawful in relation to the coach.Pollard (2002) suggests that ruminative teaching is applied in cyclical or spiralling process, in which teachers monitor, evaluate and revise their own practice continually.According to Reid (1993) cited by Ghaye and Lilleyman (1997) reflective practice is Potentially both a way of learning and a mode of survival and development at one time formal education ceases. They believe that reflective practice is more than scarcely ski llto be used in one particular context plainly throughout life as well.Reflective practice requires professionals to step back from themselves and thesituation to examine all aspects of the teaching/learning act, including essentialdispositions. It implies that they use an empirical, analytical review of their teaching andthat they employ a moral and estimable framework to guide their analysis and modificationof teaching behaviour. Boise ground University (No Date)In 1987 Schon stated that reflection can obtain in both ways reflecting in action and reflecting on action. Reflecting on action occurs afterwardwards the coaching job has taken postal service, this can be aid with the use of other coach giving advice, or with the use of video. Fitzgerald (1994) defines reflection on action as The retrospective contemplation of practice undertaken in order to exhibit the knowledge used in practical situations, by analysing and interpreting the selective information recalled. Re flecting in action refers to reflection taking place during the activity. It can be said that reflecting on action is engaging in a continual process of rapid feedback and chastisement by which skilful operators can adjust to circumstances and sustain high school levels of effectiveness Jackson et al (2004).When reviewing a coaching session thither a number of topics to take into consideration. The showtime and most important aspect of coaching to take into consideration is if the aims and achievements for not only the coaching session alone also for the season as a whole. Reflection to name if goals were achieved for the season can only happen once the season has finished. The goals may vary from winning every game, to assay to win one game, if the goals are not reached e.g. the team lost all games then the coach will know that his method of coaching skill not have been the most effective to use for the jocks in his team. by and by a session there can also be a time fo r reflection, each session should have a clear aim or goal of a specific skill that needs to be better, if at the end of the session the athletes have become more high-octane in that skill then they session can be see as a success. On the other hand however, if the athletes have not improved during the session then reflection needs to take place to see why this is the case.Another way that a coach can use reflection to enhance their coaching performance is to evaluate if there coaching is time and terms effective. It is not good coaching if for example, it takes a whole session to cover a skill that can be covered in five minutes. To evaluate if the session has been cost effective, there are a number of factors to take into consideration. The initiative of these is have the athletes improved? If they havent then they have paid to gain nothing. However, if the athlete pays very weeny for a session, where there is only one coach and a high number of children then the expectations of the athletes and parents will drop. Young children i.e. under 7s may be only attending the session as an alternative to babysitting, curiously if the cost of coaching is less than that of employing a baby sitter.A coach moldiness make sure that what he/she is teaching is suited to the age group. For example, under 7s would not be capable of learning leg spin in cricket. Also at the other end of the spectrum you would not have the first team practicing basic drills such has hitting a tennis orb off a cone. Some time however, this is not that easy to plan for. For example, a group may have very extensive knowledge of one skill e.g. the front sustenance drive, but have no idea how to play a pull shot. A coach can use reflection after the session to see if the performers have improved at the specific skill.A coach can reflect on the use of coaching points, there is no use in using progress coaching points for athletes who are not experienced e.g. secerning a 7 year old to rotat e their shoulders vertically when playing the front food drive. The same can be said for experienced athletes, you would not tell them for example to keep their eyes on the thump when catching it as they will already know this.Coaches have to reflect on demonstrations, for the athlete to learn best the demonstrations need to be accurate and performed from many angles. The coach must(prenominal) also make sure that the athlete can see and is not obstructed by another athlete or the coach himself.The coach can also reflect on the safety, this can be a rather easy subject to reflect upon. If there is an wound then the reason for that injury will need to be looked at and reflected upon. Safety could also be reflected upon when thinking about equipment, the equipment that is used may be faulty or broken.All of the above are times when reflection can occur. Feedback from a number of people is very important when reflecting about a session. The athlete that you are coaching will give th e coach a lot of feedback this can range from the progression they make to their body language. Some more elite athletes will know what whole kit and boodle for them so will inform their coach how they learn best. It can be hard to judge how much an athlete has improved from the beginning of a session to the end of one. It is important to distinguish how much if an the athlete has gained so a test like situation could be helpful to agree that the coach is coaching in a way that is effective. For example, when coaching throwing in cricket, it can be useful to see how far the athlete can throw before any coaching has taken place, so that after the coaching you can see if the athlete can throw the ball any further.Other coaches can help when reflecting about a session, especially if the coach is more experienced and or more qualified. The employer can also help with reflection, if the employer thinks that the athlete is improving then the coach will know that the way he is coaching i s effective. But if the employer is not pleased with the improvement then change will have to be made. Parents can also play a large role in the reflective process, the parents may not be happy with the way that a coach is coaching. This may mean that the coach will have to change his coaching method, but only if the parent is knowledgeable.Reflection can also be aided by the use of a video. A video can usher the coaching session, and give the coach an incite to what he/she actually does. This can help as it will show demonstrations, body language and what barely was said. It will also allow the coach to look back on sessions in the past looking to see how his/her coaching methods have changed. McKernan agreedmight use a video recorder to trap teaching performance as evidence or datato be analysed. much importantly, such a film becomes a critical documentary forreflecting on practiceresearch can be undertaken by reactive methods such asobservers, questionnaires, interviews, dial ogue journals or through such non-reactivetechniques as case studies, field notes, logs, diaries anecdotal records, documentanalysis, shadow studies. McKernan (1996)Hanson believed that asking the students to fill in journals after each session would allow the coach to reflect properly. Ive had students make brief journal entries at the end of each sessionit doesnt take much time but reading and responding to the journal entries is time consuming. An approach taken from the rates elucidation literature is to ask students for one word that represents their behaviour that day. Hellison (1985)Reflection makes the coach test their own behaviour, reminding them to act sensibly in their actions. Reflective military rank shows areas where population, for example, children, have a bigger companionable need in step-up to their individual sport. When creating training session it is vital to think of the childhood of that child.Reflective practice demands the coach to examine their own b ehaviour honestly,reminding them to act responsibly in their actions. Reflective evaluation highlights areaswhere the population, for example, children, have a great social need besides theirparticular sport. When designing training sessions it is important to consider the childhood of that child. Extreme training sessions may ruin their childhood.Reflective practice is detailed as being essential in increasing coaching effectiveness (Crisfield, 1998 Clifford and Feezell, 1997). Crisfield (1998) considers coaching efficiency to be determined by factors such as knowledge, skills, experience and philosophy.In conclusion Pollard (2002) states the importance of the reflection within coaching. Theprocess of reflective teaching supports the development and maintenance of professionalexpertise. If a coach feels that they have nothing more to work on then they are not using reflection correctly, every coach no matter what level needs to use reflection to become a more competent coach.The im portance of reflective coaching is not just about finding and defining the problem. Organising, planning and acting upon it are essential also. There must also be re-evaluation to see if it has work out the problem and continual evaluation resumed. Reflective practice lets the coach value for different styles or methods of coaching. If a coach did not use reflective practice then he/she could not guarantee continual re-evaluation of their work.McKernan (1996) refers to the coaching process as a ladder. To get any higherperformers must extend their ladder by making it longer through reflection and hopefullyimprovement, or they and their will be limited to the same level.altered from Department of educational activity for Northern Ireland (1999) cited byPollard (2002) this mission bidding sums up the truth of the reflective coach At theheart of get a good teacher is, above all else, being a learner-a life long learner.To learn one has to ask questions of oneselfBibliographyJohns C freshwater D (1998) Transforming nursing through reflective practice. bluewell Science, London.Reid B (1993) But Were Doing it already Exploring a Response to the Concept of Reflective Practice in influence to Improve its Facilitation, Nurse Education Today, 13 305- 309.McKernan, J. (1996). Curriculum Action search A Handbook of Methods and Resources for the Reflective Practitioner. Kogan PagePollard, A. (2002). Reflective Teaching hard-hitting and Evidence-informed Professional Practice. ContinuumHellison, D. (1985). Goals and Strategies for Teaching Physical Education. Champaign, ILHuman KineticsSchn, D. (1991). Educating the Reflective Practitioner. Oxford Jossey-BassCrisfield, P. (1998). Analysing Your Coaching The Start of Your Journey Towards CoachingExcellence. Leeds The National Coaching launchingCrisfield, P., Houlston, D. Simpkin, A. (1996). Coaching Sessions A Guide to Planning andGoal-Setting. Leeds The National Coaching baseCoaching knowledges, understanding th e dynamics of sport performance, Jim Dickenson, 2007 A + C Black Publishers LTD.Jarvis, P. (1992), Reflective Practice and Nursing, Nurse Education Today, Volume 12, pages 23-30.Reed, J. Proctor, S. (1993) Nurse Education a Reflective Approach, Edward Arnold, London.Understanding sports coaching- the social, cultural and pedagogical foundations of coaching practice Tania Cassidy- routledge 2004Reflective practice and supervision for coaches- Julie hay, the McGraw hill companies- 2007